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Gardner, F., Connell, A., Trentacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2009). Moderators of outcome in a brief family-centered intervention for preventing early problem behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 543–553.

Manuscript screening details
Screening decision	Screening conclusion	HomVEE procedures and standards version
Passes screens	Eligible for review	Version 1

Study design details
Rating	Design	Attrition	Baseline equivalence	Compromised randomization	Confounding factors	Valid, reliable measure(s)
Moderate	Randomized controlled trial	Low	Not established on race/ethnicity, SES, or baseline measures of the outcomes.	None	None	Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021

Notes:

footnote265

This study is part of a large RCT described by Dishion et al. (2008).

Earlier, this study was listed as an additional source for Dishion et al. 2008. In the course of the 2017 annual review, HomVEE identified outcomes within this study that were eligible for review beyond those that were reported within Dishion et al. 2008, so it is eligible for review on its own and is not solely an additional source of information published in another study. Based upon a review of these additional outcomes, the study receives a moderate rating.

Study characteristics
Study participants	The study included 731 families that met two criteria. First, they participated in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) when their son or daughter was between 2 years 0 months old and 2 years 11 months old. Second, they met the study’s criteria for being at risk for behavior problems—defined as one standard deviation or more above normative averages in at least two of three domains: (1) child behavior problems (such as conduct problems or high-conflict relationships with adults); (2) primary caregiver problems (such as maternal depression, daily parenting challenges, self-reported substance or mental health diagnosis, or status as a teen parent at first birth); and (3) socioeconomic status (a caregiver with low educational achievement or low family income based on WIC criteria). Screening was conducted in 2002 and 2003. Of the 731 primary caregivers who agreed to participate, 41 percent had a high school diploma or GED, 32 percent had one or two years of post-high school training, and 24 percent had less than a high school diploma or GED. More than two-thirds of the randomized sample had an annual income below $20,000. Of the 731 children in the study, 50 percent were European American, 28 percent were African American, 13 percent were biracial, and 9 percent were from another racial group. Thirteen percent were Hispanic. The children were 29.9 months old on average at the time of the age 2 assessments. Forty-nine percent of the children were female, and 58 percent lived in two-parent households.
Setting	Families were recruited from WIC program sites in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (37 percent of sample); Eugene, Oregon (37 percent of sample); and Charlottesville, Virginia (26 percent of sample).
Intervention services	The Family Check-Up program typically involves three meetings: an initial contact meeting (a “get to know you” meeting); an assessment meeting, during which families participate in a comprehensive assessment of child and family functioning; and a feedback meeting to discuss the results of the assessment. After the feedback meeting, families can choose to participate in additional follow-up meetings. For this study, the order of the meetings was changed. All families participating in the study were given the comprehensive assessment. The researchers then randomized families into intervention and comparison groups. Following randomization, families in the intervention group participated in the initial contact and feedback meetings, which were led by parent consultants. These consultants discussed family issues and family functioning during the initial contact meeting and, during the feedback meeting, used motivational interviewing techniques to discuss the results of the assessment, areas of strength, areas for improvement, and recommended services that might help the family. After the feedback meetings, families could choose to participate in additional follow-up meetings. Families assigned to the intervention group received the intervention once yearly when their children were 2, 3, and 4 years old.
Comparison conditions	Families in the comparison group received the Family Check-Up's comprehensive assessment but did not receive any other interventions or services.
Subgroups examined	This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Maternal education (less than high school education or at least high school education) • Relationship status (single or partnered) • Maternal substance use/disorder (yes or no) • Maternal age (less than 18 years) • Maternal depression (present based on screening) • Reports high daily hassles of parenting (yes or no)
Funding sources	National Institutes of Health grant R01 DA16110 to Gardner, Shaw, Dishion, and Wilson.
Author affiliation	The authors are associated with Oxford University, Case Western Reserve University, Wayne State University, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Oregon, and the University of Virginia. In addition, Thomas Dishion, a study author, is a developer of this model.
Peer reviewed	Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021.

Study Registration:

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: None found. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE beginning with the 2014 review.

Findings that rate moderate or high

Child development and school readiness
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Moderate	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 3, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	Age 3	651 children	Unadjusted mean = 55.83	Unadjusted mean = 56.11	Mean difference = -0.28	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p=0.70	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Moderate	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 4, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	Age 4	619 children	Unadjusted mean = 52.68	Unadjusted mean = 54.67	Mean difference = -1.99	HomVEE calculated = -0.19	Statistically significant, p=0.02	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Moderate	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Ages 3 and 4, Latent growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	Ages 3 and 4	723 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Statistically significant, p<0.05²	footnote266 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a latent growth model to estimate the impact.
Moderate	Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 3, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	Age 3	642 children	Unadjusted mean = 59.18	Unadjusted mean = 60.06	Mean difference = -0.88	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p=0.28	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Moderate	Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 4, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	Age 4	616 children	Unadjusted mean = 58.64	Unadjusted mean = 60.63	Mean difference = -1.99	HomVEE calculated = -0.18	Statistically significant, p=0.03	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Moderate	Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Ages 3 and 4, Latent growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	Ages 3 and 4	723 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Statistically significant, p<0.05²	footnote266 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a latent growth model to estimate the impact.

Maternal health
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Moderate	Maternal Depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale), Age 3, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	Age 3	651 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 14.62	Unadjusted mean = 16.26	Mean difference = -1.64	HomVEE calculated = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p=0.06	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.