Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Tatelbaum, R., et al. (1997). Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 644–652.
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion |
|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Reassignment | Confounding factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Difference in SES, but controlled in analysis. | None | None |
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review to move the NCAST Child Responsiveness (total score) from the Child Development and School Readiness domain to the Positive Parenting Practices domain because ACF determined that outcomes assessed with the NCAST, including the NCAST total score, most appropriately belong in the Positive Parenting Practices domain.
| Study participants | The sample included pregnant, first-time mothers who were less than 29 weeks pregnant. Women were recruited through an obstetrical clinic if they had no previous live births, no chronic illnesses linked to fetal growth retardation or preterm delivery, and at least two of the following sociodemographic characteristics: unmarried, less than 12 years of education, and unemployed. From June 1990 through August 1991, 1,290 women were invited to participate and 1,139 consented and were randomly assigned. At enrollment, 92 percent of the women enrolled were African American, 98 percent were unmarried, and 64 percent were age 18 or younger. This study measured the sample up through the child’s 24th month. At the 24-month follow-up, the sample included 675 women, 208 in the program group and 467 in the comparison group. |
|---|---|
| Setting | Memphis, Tennessee |
| Intervention services | The study included two treatment groups. The first treatment group received home visits from a nurse during pregnancy and two postpartum visits (one in the hospital prior to discharge and one in the home). The treatment group also received the screening and transportation services described below for the comparison groups. The second treatment group received the same services as the first treatment group, but the home visiting continued until the child was 2 years old. On average, the nurses completed 7 home visits during pregnancy and 26 home visits postpartum. Nurses used a detailed protocol for each visit, which focused on health-related behaviors, parenting, education, and employment. The two treatment groups were combined for the prenatal analysis. Only the second treatment group was followed for postnatal outcomes. |
| Comparison conditions | The study included two comparison groups. The first comparison group received taxicab transportation for prenatal care appointments. The second comparison group received the transportation plus developmental screening and referral to services when the children were 6, 12, and 24 months old. The two comparison groups were combined for the prenatal analysis. Only the second group was followed for postnatal outcomes. |
| Staff characteristics and training | All home visitors were nurses. No other information on training is provided. |
| Funding sources | Five federal agencies: the National Institute of Nursing Research (grant NR01-01691-05); the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health (grant MCJ 360579); the Administration for Children and Families (grant 90PJ0003); the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; and the National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect, through a transfer of funds to the National Institute of Nursing Research. Four private foundations: the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ (grants 017934 and 11084); the Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York, NY (grant 5492); the Pew Charitable Trusts, Philadelphia, Pa (grants 88-0211-000 and 93-02363-000); and the William T. Grant Foundation, New York, NY (grants 88-1246-88 and 91-1246-88), including a William T. Grant Faculty Scholars Award 86108086) and a Senior Research Scientist Award (1-K05-MH01382-01) to Dr. Olds. |
| Author affiliation | David L. Olds, a study author, is a developer of this model. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | CBCL (total score) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 1,082 children | Adjusted mean = 46.00 | Adjusted mean = 49.20 | Mean difference = -3.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | BSID (total score) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 1,082 children | Adjusted mean = 94.50 | Adjusted mean = 94.30 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Birth weight, grams | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | Adjusted mean = 3032.20 | Adjusted mean = 3050.40 | Mean difference = -18.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | 5-minute Apgar | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full, (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | Adjusted mean = 8.60 | Adjusted mean = 8.70 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Gestational age, weeks | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full, (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | Adjusted mean = 39.00 | Adjusted mean = 39.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Indicated preterm delivery (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full, (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | % (adjusted) = 3.00 | Adjusted mean % = 3.00 | OR = 1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Intrauterine growth restriction (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full, (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | % (adjusted) = 9.00 | Adjusted mean % = 9.00 | OR = 1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Low birth weight (percentage < 2500 g) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full, (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | % (adjusted) = 15.00 | Adjusted mean % = 14.00 | OR = 1.10 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Preterm (less than 37 weeks, percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full, (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | % (adjusted) = 11.00 | Adjusted mean % = 13.00 | OR = 0.80 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Spontaneous preterm delivery, percentage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full, (Memphis) | Birth | 1,082 children | % (adjusted) = 8.00 | Adjusted mean % = 9.00 | OR = 0.80 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Breastfeeding attempted, percentage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | % (adjusted) = 26.00 | Adjusted mean % = 16.00 | OR = 1.90 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.37 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Immunizations up to date, percentage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | % (adjusted) = 70.00 | Adjusted mean % = 68.00 | OR = 1.10 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Number of well-child visits | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Adjusted mean = 4.80 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Employed during pregnancy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | % (adjusted) = 6.00 | Adjusted mean % = 3.00 | OR = 2.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.44 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote3Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05). |
| High | In school during pregnancy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | % (adjusted) = 44.00 | Adjusted mean % = 41.00 | OR = 1.20 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. |
| High | Used other community services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | % (adjusted) = 29.00 | Adjusted mean % = 20.00 | OR = 1.80 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.30 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. |
| High | Months worked, 0–12 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 681 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.20 | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Months on AFDC , 13–24 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.80 | Adjusted mean = 8.40 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote3Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05). |
| High | Months on AFDC , 0–12 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 681 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.30 | Adjusted mean = 7.60 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Months worked, 13–24 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Diastolic blood pressure | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 66.80 | Adjusted mean = 67.50 | Mean difference = -0.70 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote9This mean difference, calculated by <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr>, is within |0.01| of the difference reported by the authors, with the discrepancy likely due to rounding error. |
| High | Gestational weight gain | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 14.60 | Adjusted mean = 14.90 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Number of Gardnerella infections | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.06 | Adjusted mean = 0.07 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Number of hospitalizations during pregnancy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.15 | Adjusted mean = 0.13 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Number of sexually transmitted diseases | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.22 | Adjusted mean = 0.21 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Number of yeast infections | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.14 | Adjusted mean = 0.19 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Obstetrical evaluation visits (total) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.80 | Adjusted mean = 2.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote9This mean difference, calculated by <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr>, is within |0.01| of the difference reported by the authors, with the discrepancy likely due to rounding error. |
| High | Pregnancy-induced hypertension (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | % (adjusted) = 13.00 | Adjusted mean % = 20.00 | OR = 0.60 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.31 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Standard prenatal care visits (total) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.20 | Adjusted mean = 6.50 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Systolic blood pressure | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full (Memphis) | 36th week of pregnancy | 916 mothers | Adjusted mean = 111.70 | Adjusted mean = 112.60 | Mean difference = -0.90 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Anxiety (MHI), 24 months postpartum, standardized | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | Adjusted mean = 99.10 | Adjusted mean = 100.30 | Mean difference = -1.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Depression (MHI), 24 months postpartum, standardized | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | Adjusted mean = 99.50 | Adjusted mean = 100.10 | Mean difference = -0.06 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Pearlin Mastery, 24 months postpartum, standardized | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | Adjusted mean = 101.60 | Adjusted mean = 99.40 | Mean difference = 2.20 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| High | Spontaneous abortion, 0–24 months postpartum (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | % (adjusted) = 5.00 | Adjusted mean % = 3.00 | OR = 1.50 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.32 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Subsequent live birth, 0–24 months postpartum (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | % (adjusted) = 22.00 | Adjusted mean % = 31.00 | OR = 0.60 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.28 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Subsequent pregnancy, 0-24 months postpartum (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | % (adjusted) = 36.00 | Adjusted mean % = 47.00 | OR = 0.60 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.28 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| High | Therapeutic abortion, 0–24 months postpartum (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 671 mothers | % (adjusted) = 2.00 | Adjusted mean % = 4.00 | OR = 0.50 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.43 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote6The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | HOME (emotional/ cognitive stimulation) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 675 mothers | Adjusted mean = 32.30 | Adjusted mean = 30.90 | Mean difference = 1.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| High | NCAST Child Responsiveness (total score) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 1,082 children | Adjusted mean = 17.70 | Adjusted mean = 17.40 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | NCAST Maternal Teaching (total score) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 675 mothers | Adjusted mean = 36.70 | Adjusted mean = 36.50 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Beliefs associated with child abuse (AAPI total score) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postpartum | 672 mothers | Adjusted mean = 98.70 | Adjusted mean = 100.50 | Mean difference = -1.80 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Number of days hospitalized–injuries/ingestions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | Adjusted mean = 0.04 | Adjusted mean = 0.18 | Mean difference = -0.14 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Number of emergency department visits–injuries/ingestions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | Adjusted mean = 0.33 | Adjusted mean = 0.34 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Number of hospitalizations–injuries/ingestions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | Adjusted mean = 0.01 | Adjusted mean = 0.03 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Number of outpatient visits–injuries/ingestions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | Adjusted mean = 0.11 | Adjusted mean = 0.20 | Mean difference = -0.09 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| High | Total number of health care encounters–injuries/ingestions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 2 years postnatal | 671 children | Adjusted mean = 0.43 | Adjusted mean = 0.56 | Mean difference = -0.13 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
footnote1Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. |
| Outcome measure | Description of measure | Data collection method | Properties of measure |
|---|---|---|---|
BSID |
The BSID tests the mental, motor, and behavioral development and abilities of young children. | Child assessment | Not reported by author |
CBCL |
The CBCL is a questionnaire that assesses behavioral problems in young children. | Child assessment | Not reported by author |
| Outcome measure | Description of measure | Data collection method | Properties of measure |
|---|---|---|---|
Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration (Apgar) score: 5-minute |
The Apgar test was administered five minutes after the child’s birth. The test evaluates the newborn along five dimensions: (1) activity and muscle tone; (2) pulse and heart rate; (3) grimace response; (4) appearance and skin coloration; and (5) respiration, breathing rate, and effort. Each dimension is scored 0 to 2, with higher scores associated with better health. | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Birth weight |
The child’s recorded birth weight in grams | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Breastfeeding attempted |
Percentage of mothers who had attempted breastfeeding | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Gestational age |
Gestational age in days was estimated from the reported last menstrual period (LMP) and ultrasound scans performed before 26 weeks’ gestation. If LMP and ultrasound converged within 14 days, then LMP was used for estimating gestational age. When LMP and ultrasound differed by more than 14 days, ultrasound was used as the estimate. In cases where ultrasound was not performed before 26 weeks’ gestation, or LMP was not known, the record was reviewed by two independent clinicians who were unaware of treatment condition to determine the most reliable estimate of gestational age. | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Immunizations up-to-date |
Percentage of children whose immunizations were up-to-date at their 2nd birthday | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Indicated preterm delivery |
Percentage of children who had an indicated preterm birth performed for maternal or fetal complications | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Intrauterine growth restriction |
Percentage of children with a birth weight less than the 10th percentile for their gestational age | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Low birth weight |
Percentage of children with a birth weight below 2,500 grams | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Number of well-child visits |
Number of well-child visits the child received | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Preterm |
Percentage of children who were delivered at less than 37 weeks’ gestation | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Spontaneous preterm delivery |
Percentage of children who had a spontaneous preterm birth after preterm labor with or without premature rupture of the membranes | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
| Outcome measure | Description of measure | Data collection method | Properties of measure |
|---|---|---|---|
Employed during pregnancy |
Percentage of women who were employed at 28 weeks gestation | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
In school during pregnancy |
Percentage of women who were enrolled in school at 28 weeks gestation | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Months on AFDC |
Counts of the number of months the mother received AFDC | Review of Tennessee Department of Human Services records | Not applicable |
Months worked |
Counts of the number of months the mother was employed | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Used other community services |
Percentage of women who used other community services at 28 weeks’ gestation | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
| Outcome measure | Description of measure | Data collection method | Properties of measure |
|---|---|---|---|
MHI: Anxiety MHI: Depression |
The MHI assesses mental health in the areas of anxiety, depression, behavior, positive affect, and general distress. The researchers used the assessment to examine anxiety and depression in the sample. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Diastolic blood pressure |
The mother’s diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) upon admission for labor | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Gestational weight gain |
The amount of weight the mother gained over the course of her pregnancy in kilograms | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Number of Gardnerella infections |
The number of diagnosed Gardnerella infections after the mother was randomized to a treatment condition | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Number of hospitalizations during pregnancy |
The number of mother hospitalizations that occurred during pregnancy | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Number of sexually transmitted diseases |
The number of diagnosed sexually transmitted diseases after the mother was randomized to a treatment condition. The count includes diagnoses of Neisseria gonorrheas, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis. | Parent/caregiver medical examination | Not applicable |
Number of yeast infections |
The number of diagnosed yeast infections after the mother was randomized to a treatment condition | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Obstetrical evaluation visits |
The total number of obstetrical evaluation visits the mother received | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Pearlin Mastery Scale |
The Pearlin Mastery Scale assesses the degree to which a person has a sense of mastery or control over their life. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Pregnancy-induced hypertension |
Percentage of mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension. The outcome includes cases of preeclampsia, eclampsia, toxemia, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Spontaneous abortion |
Percentage of mothers who had a spontaneous abortion 0–24 months postpartum | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Standard prenatal care visits |
The total number of standard prenatal care visits the mother received | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Subsequent live birth |
Percentage of mothers who had a subsequent live birth 0–24 months postpartum | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Subsequent pregnancy |
Percentage of mothers who had a subsequent pregnancy 0–24 months postpartum | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Systolic blood pressure |
The mother’s systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) upon admission for labor | Review of medical records | Not applicable |
Therapeutic abortion |
Percentage of mothers who had a therapeutic abortion 0–24 months postpartum | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
| Outcome measure | Description of measure | Data collection method | Properties of measure |
|---|---|---|---|
NCAST: Caregiver total score |
The NCAST assesses the quality of teaching interaction between caregivers and young children. The researchers examined the composite score for parent interaction. | Observation | Not reported by author |
AAPI |
The AAPI assesses parenting and childrearing attitudes. The researchers examined the AAPI total score to measure beliefs associated with child abuse. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
HOME: Total score |
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
NCAST Child Responsiveness |
Mothers and children were observed while the mothers taught their children a developmentally challenging task. The mothers’ behaviors were coded and summarized to characterize their sensitivity, responsiveness, and quality of teaching. The infants’ behaviors were coded and aggregated to characterize their responsiveness and clarity of communication toward their mothers. |
Observation conducted at the project offices |
Not reported by author |
| Outcome measure | Description of measure | Data collection method | Properties of measure |
|---|---|---|---|
Number of emergency department visits—injuries/ingestions |
Counts of child ER visits for injuries and poison ingestions | Review of children’s medical records | Not applicable |
Number of hospitalizations—injuries/ingestions |
Counts of child hospitalizations for injuries and poison ingestions | Review of children’s medical records | Not applicable |
Number of outpatient visits—injuries/ingestions |
Counts of child outpatient visits for injuries and poison ingestions | Review of children’s medical records | Not applicable |
Total number of health care encounters—injuries/ingestions |
Counts of child injuries and poison ingestions | Review of children’s medical records | Not applicable |
