footnote74
<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
Manuscript Detail
Model(s) Reviewed: Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion |
|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Reassignment | Confounding factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not applicable | None | None |
| Study participants | The sample included 459 mothers with children who were measured at ages 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. All women were recruited for enrollment in the Parents as Teachers (PAT) program with the Born to Learn (BTL) curriculum within nine months of the child’s birth. Study enrollment occurred between 1999 and 2001. Most mothers had more than a high school education (83%). Most study participants were either white (66%) or African American (29%). Most households had an income greater than or equal to $30,000 (70%). Eighty percent of mothers were married or lived with a significant other. |
|---|---|
| Setting | Participants in the study resided in Cleveland, Ohio, and its eastern suburbs. |
| Intervention services | Families enrolled in PAT with the BTL curriculum received two home visits in the first month after enrollment and monthly visits and group meetings thereafter for a period of three years. Each visit to the family home was delivered by a trained parent educator who provided handouts and videos emphasizing key age-specific child development principles. Parents also attended group meetings that emphasized BTL curriculum. Among those families enrolled in PAT , 64% participated and remained in the program for all three years. |
| Comparison conditions | The comparison families received handouts describing children’s development at various ages and an invitation to participate in parent education services, such as parent discussion groups, which were held separately from those of the treatment group. None of this information included any of the BTL curriculum content or structure. |
| Staff characteristics and training | Parent educators were trained by the PAT national staff during a weeklong session. Implementation by parent educators was monitored and evaluated based on PAT National Center standards: home visit attendance, coverage of curriculum material, and performance (for example, establishing rapport and executing BTL curriculum activities). |
| Funding sources | Mt. Sinai Health Care Foundation; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation |
| Author affiliation | None of the study authors are developers of this model. |
Findings details
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | BSID Behavioral Rating Scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 24 month | 354 children | Mean = 109.63 | Mean = 109.20 | Mean difference = 0.43 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
|
| High | BSID Mental Development Scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 24 month | 344 children | Mean = 96.97 | Mean = 97.75 | Mean difference = -0.78 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.67 |
footnote74<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean. |
| High | BSID, Behavioral Rating Scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 342 children | Mean = 111.84 | Mean = 113.48 | Mean difference = -1.64 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 |
footnote74<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean. |
| High | CBRS, Engagement Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 24 month | 336 children | Mean = 2.81 | Mean = 2.98 | Mean difference = -0.17 | Study reported = -0.17 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.11 |
footnote65Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors. footnote74<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean. |
| High | CBRS, Negative Affect Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 24 month | 336 children | Mean = 4.93 | Mean = 4.93 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.97 |
footnote65Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors. |
| High | CBRS, Positive Affect Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 24 month | 336 children | Mean = 2.43 | Mean = 2.44 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.96 |
footnote65Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors. footnote74<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean. |
| High | CBRS: Involvement Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 24 month | 330 children | Mean = 4.13 | Mean = 4.18 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.73 |
footnote65Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors. footnote74<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean. |
| High | KABC Simultaneous Processing Standard Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 331 children | Mean = 107.77 | Mean = 109.29 | Mean difference = -1.52 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.30 |
|
| High | SSRS Parent Report | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 336 children | Mean = 103.07 | Mean = 100.37 | Mean difference = 2.70 | Study reported = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.09 |
|
| High | TERA-2 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 333 children | Mean = 106.12 | Mean = 105.58 | Mean difference = 0.54 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.72 |
|
| High | Bracken Basic Concept Scale composite | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 336 children | Mean = 113.47 | Mean = 112.23 | Mean difference = 1.24 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.51 |
|
| High | Mastery Motivation – Task Competence | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 319 children | Mean = 847.98 | Mean = 841.74 | Mean difference = 6.24 | Study reported = 0.20 | Statistically significant, p = 0.05 |
|
| High | Mastery Motivation – Task Persistence | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 318 children | Mean = 17.30 | Mean = 16.49 | Mean difference = 0.81 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
|
| High | Mastery Motivation – Task Pleasure | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 36 month | 319 children | Mean = 0.51 | Mean = 0.52 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.71 |
footnote74<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean. |
| High | Q-Sort Security of Attachment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Ohio sample | 18 month | 364 children | Mean = 34.43 | Mean = 35.46 | Mean difference = -1.03 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.64 |
footnote65Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors. footnote74<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean. |
Outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Description of measure | Data collection method | Properties of measure |
|---|---|---|---|
BSID:
|
The BSID tests the mental, motor, and behavioral development and abilities of young children. The researchers examined both the mental development and behavioral subscales. | Child assessment | Not reported by author |
BBCS-R |
The BBCS-R assesses knowledge of basic concepts and receptive language skills in young children. | Child assessment | Not reported by author |
CBRS:
|
The CBRS assesses behavioral problems in young children. The researchers examined scores related to engagement, involvement, and positive and negative affect. | Observation | Interrater reliability = 0.81 to 0.90 |
KABC: Simultaneous Processing Standard score |
The KABC assesses achievement and intelligence in young children. | Child assessment | Not reported by author |
SSRS |
The SSRS assesses social skills, academic competence, and problem behaviors in young children. | Parent/caregiver and teacher report | Not reported by author |
TERA-2 |
The TERA-2 assesses early reading skills in young children. | Child assessment | Not reported by author |
Attachment Q-Sort scale |
The Attachment Q-Sort assesses security of attachment and dependency in young children. | Observation | Interrater reliability = 0.90 |
Mastery Motivation – Task Persistence, Task Pleasure, Task Competence |
Children were introduced to various toys and were evaluated based upon persistence, pleasure, and competence in problem solving for up to 4 minutes. | Observation | Interrater reliability = 0.78 to 0.91 |