Manuscript Detail

View Revisions

Landsverk, J., Carrilio, T., Connelly, C. D., Ganger, W., Slymen, D., Newton, R., et al. (2002). Healthy Families San Diego clinical trial: Technical report. San Diego, CA: The Stuart Foundation, California Wellness Foundation, State of California Department of Social Services: Office of Child Abuse Prevention.

Manuscript screening details
Screening decision Screening conclusion HomVEE procedures and standards version
Passes screens Eligible for review Version 1
Study design details
Rating Design Attrition Baseline equivalence Compromised randomization Confounding factors Valid, reliable measure(s)
High Randomized controlled trial Low Established on race/ethnicity and SES. None None Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021
Notes:

In 2020, HomVEE updated this review to move "Child has insurance coverage" from the Child Health domain to the Family Economic Self-Sufficiency domain because ACF determined that health insurance coverage belongs in that domain. 

footnote84

Submitted by user on

High rating applies to year 1 and year 3 findings. Insurance findings receive a moderate rating because of baseline differences on health insurance at birth.

Study characteristics
Study participants Using computerized hospital records, the records of all births were screened for eligibility criteria including (1) residence in the target area, (2) being a non-military family, and (3) speaking English or Spanish. Families meeting these criteria were screened for risk factors for child abuse and neglect. Mothers who screened positive for risk or for whom there was not sufficient information to screen them out, were screened further using the Kempe Family Stress Checklist (FSC). Families in which either parent received a score of 25 or greater on the FSC were randomly assigned to the treatment or control group using a deck of cards. 515 families agreed to participate in the study and were randomly assigned (255 to the control group and 260 to the treatment group). Participant enrollment took place between February 1, 1996, and March 31, 1997. 247 program group families and 241 comparison group families completed a baseline interview. At baseline, 32.8% of all mothers were under age 20. 26.8% of participating mothers were Hispanic (English-speaking), 19.3% were Hispanic (Spanish-speaking), 24.2% were Caucasian, 19.5% were African American, and 10.2% were Asian or of another race/ethnicity. 53.4% of participants did not have a high school diploma, 52.3% were receiving food stamps, 55.7% were receiving TANF, and 52.3% were unemployed. This study reports results from three years of follow-up of the Healthy Families San Diego clinical trial. The analytic samples for the control group were 214, 207, and 207 for years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For the program group, the corresponding analytic samples were 221, 196, and 205 for years 1, 2, and 3 .
Setting San Diego County, a primarily urban county that includes suburban and rural regions.
Intervention services Home visitors were randomly assigned to families and attempted to visit them at the hospital following the birth of the child. Initial assessments were conducted in a home visit to gauge family needs and develop an Individualized Family Service Plan. In addition to home visits, families were encouraged to attend group meetings for parents and/or children. Visits continued until children reached age 3.
Comparison conditions Families in the comparison group were given a list of community resources at the time of the baseline interview.
Subgroups examined This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report).

• Race/ethnicity (Hispanic, White, or African American)

Funding sources The Stuart Foundation; California Wellness Foundation; State of California Department of Social Services: Office of Child Abuse Prevention
Author affiliation None of the study authors are developers of this model.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021.

Findings that rate moderate or high

Child development and school readiness
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High BSID, Mental Development Index (MDI)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 children Mean = 105.00 Mean = 102.50 Mean difference = 2.50 HomVEE calculated = 0.23 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High BSID, Motor MDI
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 children Mean = 113.50 Mean = 113.00 Mean difference = 0.50 HomVEE calculated = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Aggressive T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 53.50 Mean = 53.60 Mean difference = -0.10 HomVEE calculated = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Anxious/Depressed T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 53.50 Mean = 54.30 Mean difference = -0.80 HomVEE calculated = -0.14 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Behavior Problems
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 49.70 Mean = 51.10 Mean difference = -1.40 HomVEE calculated = -0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Destructive T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 53.60 Mean = 53.35 Mean difference = 0.30 HomVEE calculated = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Externalizing problems T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 49.40 Mean = 49.90 Mean difference = -0.50 HomVEE calculated = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Internalizing problems T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 50.90 Mean = 52.60 Mean difference = -1.70 HomVEE calculated = -0.17 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Sleep problems T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 52.30 Mean = 52.70 Mean difference = -0.40 HomVEE calculated = -0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High CBCL Somatic problems T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 53.80 Mean = 55.20 Mean difference = -1.40 HomVEE calculated = -0.24 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High CBCL Withdrawn T score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 children Mean = 55.10 Mean = 56.10 Mean difference = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.13 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Stanford Binet Abstract/Visual Reasoning SAS
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Mean = 90.60 Mean = 90.50 Mean difference = 0.10 HomVEE calculated = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Stanford Binet Communication Survey
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Mean = 101.80 Mean = 101.90 Mean difference = -0.10 HomVEE calculated = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Stanford Binet Partial Composite
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Mean = 91.30 Mean = 91.30 Mean difference = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Stanford Binet Short Term Memory SAS
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Mean = 98.60 Mean = 97.80 Mean difference = 0.80 HomVEE calculated = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Stanford Binet Sum of Area SAS
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Mean = 326.90 Mean = 331.60 Mean difference = -4.70 HomVEE calculated = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Stanford Binet Verbal Reasoning Memory SAS
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Mean = 86.50 Mean = 87.30 Mean difference = -0.80 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child health
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High Child has regular health care site
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children % = 98.00 % = 98.50 = -0.50 HomVEE calculated = -0.18 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Child has regular health care site
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 children % = 98.10 % = 97.70 = 0.40 HomVEE calculated = 0.12 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Child has specific health care provider
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children % = 63.60 % = 72.20 = -8.60 HomVEE calculated = -0.24 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Child has specific health care provider
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 children % = 74.00 % = 81.60 = -7.60 HomVEE calculated = -0.27 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Compliance with recommended number of well-child visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children % = 85.80 % = 83.80 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Compliance with recommended number of well-child visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 children % = 58.60 % = 59.60 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Immunizations up-to-date
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children % = 96.90 % = 95.90 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.18 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Number of sick visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Median = 1.00 Median = 1.00 Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Number of sick visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 children Median = 3.00 Median = 3.00 Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Number of well-child visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children Mean = 2.40 Mean = 1.90 Mean difference = 0.50 HomVEE calculated = 0.22 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High Number of well-child visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 children Mean = 7.00 Mean = 6.80 Mean difference = 0.20 HomVEE calculated = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Family economic self-sufficiency
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High WIC receipt
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 68.00 % = 71.00 = -3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High WIC receipt
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 91.00 % = 91.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Adult education
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 22.00 % = 21.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Adult education
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 23.00 % = 21.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Child has insurance coverage
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 children % = 84.20 % = 87.20 = -3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

footnote55

Submitted by user on

This study was assigned a moderate rating for this outcome due to statistically significant differences between the program and comparison groups at baseline.

High Child has insurance coverage
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 children % = 82.40 % = 84.00 = -1.60 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Child support enforcement
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 10.00 % = 16.00 = -6.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.33 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High Child support enforcement
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 14.00 % = 12.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.11 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Emergency food
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 11.00 % = 8.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.21 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Emergency food
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 13.00 % = 9.00 = 4.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.25 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

footnote61

Submitted by user on

In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

High Food stamps
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 43.00 % = 44.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Food stamps
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 59.00 % = 58.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Homeless shelter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 1.00 % = 1.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Homeless shelter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 2.00 % = 1.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.43 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Legal aid
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 7.00 % = 4.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.36 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Legal aid
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 7.00 % = 6.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother earned HS degree or currently enrolled
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 58.00 % = 59.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother earned HS degree or currently enrolled
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 64.00 % = 61.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother attended school
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 43.00 % = 40.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother attended school
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 37.00 % = 28.00 = 9.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.25 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High Mother worked
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 69.00 % = 70.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother worked
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 49.00 % = 49.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Section 8 housing
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 8.00 % = 11.00 = -3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.21 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

footnote61

Submitted by user on

In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

High Section 8 housing
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 10.00 % = 7.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.24 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Someone in household worked
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 84.00 % = 83.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Someone in household worked
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 74.00 % = 71.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Use of respite care
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 3.00 % = 1.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.68 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Use of respite care
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 2.00 % = 1.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.43 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Welfare receipt
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 families % = 43.00 % = 46.00 = -3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Welfare receipt
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 families % = 62.00 % = 63.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Maternal health
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High Above threshold for depression (CES-D = 16)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers % = 33.00 % = 29.00 = 4.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.11 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Above threshold for depression (CES-D = 16)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 follow-up 435 mothers % = 39.00 % = 42.00 = -3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Confidence in adult relationships
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers Mean = 33.70 Mean = 33.80 Mean difference = -0.10 HomVEE calculated = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Confidence in adult relationships
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 follow-up 435 mothers Mean = 33.40 Mean = 33.80 Mean difference = -0.40 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Depressive symptoms (CES-D)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers Mean = 12.50 Mean = 12.90 Mean difference = -0.40 HomVEE calculated = -0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Depressive symptoms (CES-D)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 follow-up 435 mothers Mean = 14.50 Mean = 15.50 Mean difference = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Drinks per day
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers Mean = 2.10 Mean = 2.40 Mean difference = -0.30 HomVEE calculated = -0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Drinks per day
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 follow-up 435 mothers Mean = 2.50 Mean = 2.30 Mean difference = 0.20 HomVEE calculated = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Maternal social support (MHI)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 follow-up 435 mothers Mean = 18.60 Mean = 19.10 Mean difference = -0.50 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mental Health (MHI)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers Mean = 24.00 Mean = 24.10 Mean difference = -0.10 HomVEE calculated = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mental Health (MHI)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 follow-up 435 mothers Mean = 22.90 Mean = 22.20 Mean difference = 0.70 HomVEE calculated = 0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Parenting Stress (PSI)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 mothers Mean = 71.20 Mean = 72.82 Mean difference = -1.60 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Parenting Stress (PSI)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 mothers Mean = 72.40 Mean = 71.22 Mean difference = 1.20 HomVEE calculated = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Problem substance use (CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 follow-up 435 mothers % = 21.00 % = 18.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.54 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Problem substance use (CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers % = 9.00 % = 10.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Repeat birth within 36 months of index birth
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers % = 27.00 % = 22.00 = 5.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.16 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Repeat pregnancy within 36 months of index birth
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 follow-up 412 mothers % = 43.00 % = 50.00 = -7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Positive parenting practices
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 mothers Mean = 37.10 Mean = 35.90 Mean difference = 1.20 HomVEE calculated = 0.16 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 mothers Mean = 40.30 Mean = 39.80 Mean difference = 0.50 HomVEE calculated = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 mothers Mean = 16.60 Mean = 16.40 Mean difference = 0.20 HomVEE calculated = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 mothers Mean = 17.30 Mean = 16.80 Mean difference = 0.50 HomVEE calculated = 0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Nonviolent discipline (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 mothers % = 95.50 % = 95.50 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Nonviolent discipline (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 mothers % = 100.00 % = 99.50 = 0.50 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Quality of home environment (HOME)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 412 mothers Mean = 40.10 Mean = 40.10 Mean difference = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Quality of home environment (HOME)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 435 mothers Mean = 35.60 Mean = 35.20 Mean difference = 0.40 HomVEE calculated = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Reductions in child maltreatment
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High Any neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 24.00 % = 22.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Any neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 18.00 % = 21.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.12 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mild physical assault frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families Mean = 2.10 Mean = 2.30 Mean difference = -0.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mild physical assault frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families Mean = 3.40 Mean = 4.60 Mean difference = -1.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.29 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High Mild physical assault prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 51.00 % = 54.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Mild physical assault prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 70.00 % = 78.00 = -8.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.25 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Physical abuse frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families Mean = 0.17 Mean = 0.26 Mean difference = -0.09 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Physical abuse frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families Mean = 0.13 Mean = 0.46 Mean difference = -0.33 HomVEE calculated = -0.20 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Physical abuse prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 5.00 % = 10.00 = -5.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.45 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Physical abuse prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 6.00 % = 10.00 = -4.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.34 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Psychological aggression frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families Mean = 2.70 Mean = 3.20 Mean difference = -0.50 HomVEE calculated = -0.14 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Psychological aggression frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families Mean = 4.80 Mean = 6.00 Mean difference = -1.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.27 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High Psychological aggression prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 59.00 % = 63.00 = 4.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Psychological aggression prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 79.00 % = 85.00 = 6.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.25 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Reductions in juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High Family court
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 10.00 % = 7.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.24 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Family court
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 11.00 % = 10.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Incident of physical assault, frequency (CTS)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families Mean = 24.70 Mean = 2.20 Mean difference = -0.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Incident of physical assault, frequency (CTS)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families Mean = 0.93 Mean = 0.87 Mean difference = 0.06 HomVEE calculated = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Incident of physical assault, prevalence (CTS)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 36.00 % = 39.00 = -3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Incident of physical assault, prevalence (CTS)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 18.00 % = 17.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Partner violence resulting in injury (CTS)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 15.00 % = 15.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Partner violence resulting in injury (CTS)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 8.00 % = 6.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.19 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Restraining order
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 3 382 families % = 6.00 % = 4.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.26 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Restraining order
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Full sample, San Diego trial Year 1 422 families % = 7.00 % = 7.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05