Improving maternal health is a goal of some home visiting models in the HomVEE review. To achieve this goal, models provide mothers with health information and guidance during pregnancy and after the child’s birth. Some also link mothers to prenatal and postpartum health care providers. In addition, some programs link mothers to treatment facilities for mental health and substance issues, or may directly provide preventive mental health intervention or other services that promote their psychological well-being.

Maternal Health
In Brief
Measurement Considerations
Review of Studies
The HomVEE review examined the research on 50 home visiting models with studies published between 1979 and 2018. (More information is available on literature search and prioritizing models for review.) Of the 27 models with high- or moderate-quality studies that measured outcomes in this domain, 8 had favorable effects on primary outcome measures, and 14 had favorable effects on secondary outcome measures.
Summary of Findings
The effects shown in the research are grouped into four categories: (1) favorable, (2) no effect, (3) unfavorable or ambiguous, and (4) not measured. Results for models that do not have studies with a high or moderate rating are listed as “not applicable.” For more information on these categories please read Describing Effects. Only results from studies that meet the standards for the high or moderate ratings are considered below. This table includes links to more information on the model’s effectiveness, implementation, and details on outcomes in this domain.
Effects Shown in Research — Maternal Health Domain
Model | Meets HHS Criteria | Outcome measures | For more information |
---|---|---|---|
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) Intervention |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Child First |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 10 No effect: 12 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Child Parent Enrichment Project (CPEP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 6 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention (CAMI) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Early Head Start–Home-Based Option (EHS-HBO) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 9 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 5 No effect: 8 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 10 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 9 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Early Start (New Zealand) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Early Steps to School Success™—Home Visiting |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Even Start-Home Visiting (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Family Check-Up® For Children |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 7 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Family Connections (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Family Connects |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Family Spirit® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 2 No effect: 17 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 3 No effect: 30 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Following Baby Back Home (FBBH) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Health Access Nurturing Development Services (HANDS) Program |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 7 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
HealthConnect One's® Community-Based Doula Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Healthy Beginnings |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 3 No effect: 6 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Healthy Families America (HFA)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 10 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 4 No effect: 66 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 10 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Home-Start |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 4 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
HOMEBUILDERS (Birth to Age 5)® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-Visiting Program (MECSH) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 6 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 9 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker (MIHOW)® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 3 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 3 No effect: 8 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Maternal Infant Health Program (MIHP) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 2 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Minding the Baby® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 10 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
MOM Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 4 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Mothers’ Advocates in the Community (MOSAIC) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
North Carolina Baby Love Maternal Outreach Workers Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 8 No effect: 18 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 21 No effect: 72 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Nurses for Newborns® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Nurturing Parenting Programs (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Oklahoma’s Community-Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 3 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
ParentChild+® Core Model |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Parents as Teachers (PAT)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Philani Outreach Programme |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Pride in Parenting (PIP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Option |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Promoting Parental Skills and Enhancing Attachment in Early Childhood (CAPEDP) Trial |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Resource Mothers Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Resources, Education, and Care in the Home (REACH) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
REST Routine |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
SafeCare® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
SafeCare Augmented |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Outcome measures Primary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Triple P - Positive Parenting Program®—Variants suitable for home visiting |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|
Video-Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting-Sensitive Discipline® (VIPP-SD) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Outcome measures Not measured
|
For more information
|