Linkages and referrals

In brief

Overview

Coordination with and referrals for other community resources and supports is a possible outcome of some of the early childhood home visiting models, even if such coordination and referrals are not an explicit model goal. For example, program staff may directly refer participating families to places in their community where they can receive additional financial, in-kind, medical, or social support services. If programs do not provide direct referral, frequent exposure to home visiting staff may have the indirect result of educating or motivating participating families to seek these services on their own.

For this domain only, we include outcomes measured at the provider level, as well as the family level. For example, we will include the number of referrals that a home visitor or other service provider gave to families. This is consistent with the benchmark areas in the MIECHV legislation, which include coordination and referrals for other community resources and supports.

Measurement considerations

These measures assess whether the early childhood home visiting model has referred a family to services such as early intervention, child care, or public benefit programs. Outcome measures in this domain include reviews of home visitor, medical, or school records for indications that the child or family had received a referral to other services in the community, as well as parent reports of receiving a referral and being aware of other services in the community.

For this domain only, HomVEE includes outcomes measured at the provider and family levels. For example, HomVEE would include the number of referrals that a home visitor or other service provider gave to families. This is consistent with the benchmark areas in the MIECHV authorizing statute, which include coordination and referrals for other community resources and support.

Review of research

The HomVEE review examined the research on 50 early childhood home visiting models with manuscripts published in 1979 through 2020. (HomVEE counts related versions, commonly referred to as adaptations, together in this section and in the table below. More information is available in the procedures and standards handbook.) Of the 8 models with manuscripts about high- or moderate-quality studies that measured outcomes in this domain, 7 had favorable effects.

Summary of findings

The effects shown in the research are grouped into four categories: (1) favorable, (2) no effect, (3) unfavorable or ambiguous, and (4) not measured. Results for models that only have low-rated research are listed as “not applicable.” For more information on these categories please read the procedures and standards handbook. Only results from manuscripts that receive a moderate or high rating are considered below. This table includes manuscripts links to more information on the model’s effectiveness, implementation, and details on findings in this domain.

Effects shown in research — Linkages and referrals

Summary of findings across models for the linkages and referrals outcome domain
Model	Meets HHS criteria	Findings	For more information
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) -Infant	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Child First	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Favorable: 11 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Child Parent Enrichment Project (CPEP)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention (CAMI)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Early Head Start Home-Based Option	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Favorable: 8 No effect: 8 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Early Start (New Zealand)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Early Steps to School Success™—Home Visiting	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Even Start-Home Visiting (Birth to Age 5) Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Family Check-Up^® For Children	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Family Connections (Birth to Age 5)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Family Connects	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Family Spirit^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Following Baby Back Home (FBBH)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Health Access Nurturing Development Services (HANDS) Program	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
HealthConnect One's^® Community-Based Doula Program	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Healthy Beginnings	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Healthy Families America (HFA)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Favorable: 3 No effect: 18 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Healthy Start-Home Visiting HHS has determined that Healthy Start is not eligible for review by HomVEE because it is a federal grant program and not a home visiting model. Information on Healthy Start has been removed from the website.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol) This report focuses on Healthy Steps as implemented in the 1996 evaluation. HHS has determined that home visiting is not the primary service delivery strategy and the model does not meet current requirements for MIECHV program implementation.	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Home-Start	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
HOMEBUILDERS (Birth to Age 5)^®	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-Visiting Program (MECSH)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker (MIHOW)^®	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Maternal Infant Health Program (MIHP)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Minding the Baby^® Home Visiting (MTB-HV)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
MOM Program	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Favorable: 4 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Mothers’ Advocates in the Community (MOSAIC)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
North Carolina Baby Love Maternal Outreach Workers Program Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Nurses for Newborns^®	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Nurturing Parenting Programs (Birth to Age 5)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Oklahoma’s Community-Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
ParentChild+^® Core Model	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Philani Outreach Programme	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Entries in this row combine information across all versions of PALS. Only PALS Infant meets HHS criteria for an evidence-based home visiting model. Some other versions of PALS have at least one manuscript about a high- or moderate-quality impact study, but no version of the model other than PALS Infant meets HHS criteria for an evidence-based home visiting model.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Pride in Parenting (PIP) Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Promoting First Relationships^®—Home Visiting Options Entries in this row combine information across all versions of Promoting First Relationships that are used with parents in the home.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Promoting Parental Skills and Enhancing Attachment in Early Childhood (CAPEDP) Trial Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Resource Mothers Program Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Resources, Education, and Care in the Home (REACH)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
REST Routine Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
SafeCare^® Entries in this row combine information across all versions of SafeCare. Only SafeCare Augmented meets HHS criteria for an evidence-based home visiting model. For SafeCare itself, there are no manuscripts about high- or moderate-quality impact studies. Some other versions of SafeCare have at least one such manuscript. Planned Activities Training (a SafeCare module) and Cellular Phone Enhanced Planned Activities Training (a SafeCare module with an add-on) show evidence of effectiveness.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
SafeCare Augmented	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Triple P - Positive Parenting Program^®—Variants suitable for home visiting No Triple P intervention is exclusively delivered in the home with families with children from birth through age 5. This profile is based on (1) studies of programs that provided Triple P services in the home to families with children from birth through age 5, and (2) developer input on the Triple P interventions suitable for delivery in the home with families with children from birth through age 5.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Video-Feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting-Sensitive Discipline^® (VIPP-SD)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Findings Not measured	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation