The promotion of child development and school readiness is an important goal for some of the early childhood home visiting models in the HomVEE review. Models address this goal by engaging parents in activities designed to improve child functioning across developmental areas, educating parents about child development and strategies to enhance school readiness (such as literacy activities), and promoting positive parent-child interactions. Some also link families to center-based early childhood care and education experiences.
Child development and school readiness
Effectiveness
Measurement considerations
Outcomes in this domain include the child’s social behaviors, attachment to a parent or caregiver, social-emotional or psychological development, or cognitive and academic development. Outcome measures in this domain include direct child assessments, reviews of school records, direct observations of children’s behavior, and parent and teacher reports on standardized measures. Other outcome measures include parent and teacher reports on measures that are not standardized. Note: if a parent or child reports that the child ran away from home, that measure would be reported in this domain. However, if the information were drawn from child welfare records, that measure would be listed under the reductions in child maltreatment domain.
Child mental and behavioral health belong in this domain. HomVEE categorizes measures of children’s mental and behavioral health in the child development and school readiness domain, in contrast to the measures of physical health that are reported in the child health domain. Measures that cannot be clearly linked to children’s mental and behavioral health are ineligible for review.
Formal child care. HomVEE categorizes measures of attendance at formal, center-based care or formal, family child care in early childhood in this domain, and categorizes the direction of statistically significant impacts on such measures as having ambiguous direction. Measures of informal care arrangements (such as care from relatives or friends) are ineligible for review. Measures that combine attendance at formal care with informal arrangements (such as care from relatives or friends) are eligible for review in this domain, and HomVEE categorizes the direction of statistically significant impacts on such measures as having ambiguous direction. HomVEE also categorizes measures of the amount of time a child attends formal, center-based care or formal, family daycare in this domain, and categorizes the direction of statistically significant impacts on such measures as having ambiguous direction.
Categorizing runaway information. If a parent or child reports that the child ran away from home, that measure would be reported in this domain. In contrast, if a child running away is information drawn from child welfare records, that measure would be listed under the reductions in child maltreatment domain.
Categorizing attachment measures. Attachment between parent and child is a dyadic concept that does not map precisely to one single outcome domain HomVEE focuses on, as specified in MIECHV authorizing statute (Social Security Act, Section 511 [42 U.S.C. 711]). Therefore, if a measure of attachment examines child behavior, HomVEE places it in the child development and school readiness domain. Examples include attachment to the caregiver during infancy, engagement in a difficult task during toddler years, problem behaviors, and inhibitory control. In contrast, HomVEE places attachment measures that examine caregiver behavior (such as sensitivity and nurturance), as well as measures that are truly dyadic (such as the Dyadic Coercive Interactions measure in the Relationship Affect Coding System), in the positive parenting practices domain.
Summary of findings
The effects shown in the research are grouped into four categories: (1) favorable, (2) no effect, (3) unfavorable or ambiguous, and (4) not measured. Results for models that only have low-rated research are listed as “not applicable.” For more information on these categories please read the procedures and standards handbook. Only results from manuscripts that receive a moderate or high rating are considered below. This table includes manuscripts links to more information on the model’s effectiveness, implementation, and details on findings in this domain.
Effects shown in research — Child development and school readiness domain
Model | Meets HHS criteria | Findings | For more information |
---|---|---|---|
Arizona Health Start Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) -Infant |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 8 No effect: 11 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) -Toddler |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 2 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Child First |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 5 No effect: 11 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Child Parent Enrichment Project (CPEP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention (CAMI) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention plus enhanced home visiting (CAMI+) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Early Head Start—Home-based option |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 5 No effect: 41 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Early Head Start Infant Mental Health Home-Based Services Adaptation (IMH-HB EHS) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Early Start (New Zealand) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 2 No effect: 5 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Early Steps to School Success™—Home Visiting |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Even Start-Home Visiting (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Family Check-Up® For Children |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 10 No effect: 27 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Family Connections (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Family Connects |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Family Spirit® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 10 No effect: 30 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
First Born® Program |
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
|
Following Baby Back Home (FBBH) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Health Access Nurturing Development Services (HANDS) Program |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
HealthConnect One's® Community-Based Doula Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Healthy Beginnings |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Healthy Families America (HFA)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 12 No effect: 44 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 11 No effect: 37 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Home-Start |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
HOMEBUILDERS (Birth to Age 5)® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 5 No effect: 11 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-Visiting Program (MECSH) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 5 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker (MIHOW)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Maternal Infant Health Program (MIHP) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Minding the Baby® Home Visiting (MTB-HV) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
MOM Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 5 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Mothers’ Advocates in the Community (MOSAIC) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
New Forest Parenting Programme (NFPP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
North Carolina Baby Love Maternal Outreach Workers Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 13 No effect: 127 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 2 |
For more information
|
Nurses for Newborns® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Nurturing Parenting Programs (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Oklahoma’s Community-Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
ParentChild+® Core Model |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 2 No effect: 13 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Parents as Teachers (PAT)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 7 No effect: 59 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Baby FACE, an adaptation of Parents as Teachers |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 10 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 11 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Philani Outreach Programme |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 15 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant + Toddler/Preschooler |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 14 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Toddler/Preschooler |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 6 No effect: 7 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Preparing for Life—Home Visiting |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 4 No effect: 92 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Pride in Parenting (PIP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Intervention Model |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 3 No effect: 25 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Promotion Model |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Promoting Parental Skills and Enhancing Attachment in Early Childhood (CAPEDP) Trial |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Resource Mothers Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Resources, Education, and Care in the Home (REACH) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
REST Routine |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 2 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
SafeCare® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
SafeCare Augmented |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Australian adaptation of the UCLA Parent-Child Health and Wellness Project, a version of SafeCare |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Triple P - Positive Parenting Program®—Variants suitable for home visiting |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Triple P - Home Visiting: Standard Stepping Stones |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Video-Feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting–Sensitive Discipline® (VIPP–SD) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 4 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Video-Feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting adapted to Autism (VIPP–AUTI) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 6 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Video-Feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting (VIPP) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 11 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
British Autism Study of Infant Siblings–Video-Feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting (iBASIS–VIPP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 7 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|