Child Health

In Brief

Overview

Due to the significant influence of child health on other developmental outcomes, some of the home visiting models in the HomVEE review address the promotion of child health in some way. Models that begin during a mother’s pregnancy aim to improve birth outcomes by linking mothers to prenatal health care and providing them with information about fetal development. Following the birth of the child, programs ensure that children have access to health care, receive appropriate well-child care and immunizations, and receive appropriate medical care for illnesses and injuries. Some programs also provide information to parents about ways to support physical health, such as the importance of nutritious meals and physical activity.

Measurement Considerations

Measures of a child’s growth, physical health, and use of health services (such as immunizations) are all included in this domain. Primary outcome measures in this domain are birth outcomes and counts of health care service use extracted from medical records. Secondary outcome measures are based on parent reports about children’s health and use of health care services. It is also important to note that some unfavorable or ambiguous outcomes, such as number of days hospitalized, may be due to increased access to health care. In other words, families’ participation in the home visiting program may have increased the likelihood that they would receive needed health care services.

Review of Studies

The HomVEE review examined the research on 50 models with studies published between 1979 and 2019. (More information is available on literature search and prioritizing models for review.) Of the 19 home visiting models with high- or moderate-quality studies that measured outcomes in this domain, 11 had favorable effects on primary outcome measures, and 9 had favorable effects on secondary outcome measures.

Summary of Findings

The effects shown in the research are grouped into four categories: (1) favorable, (2) no effect, (3) unfavorable or ambiguous, and (4) not measured. Results for models that do not have studies with a high or moderate rating are listed as “not applicable.” For more information on these categories, please read Describing Effects. Only results from studies that meet the standards for the high or moderate ratings are considered below. This table includes links to more information on the model’s effectiveness, implementation, and details on outcomes in this domain.

Effects Shown in Research — Child Health Domain

Summary of findings across models for the child health outcome domain
Model	Meets HHS Criteria	Outcome measures	For more information
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) Intervention	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 2 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Child First	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Child Parent Enrichment Project (CPEP)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 4 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention (CAMI)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Early Head Start–Home-Based Option (EHS-HBO)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 14 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 8 No effect: 10 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Early Start (New Zealand)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 2 No effect: 4 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Early Steps to School Success™—Home Visiting	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Even Start-Home Visiting (Birth to Age 5) Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Family Check-Up^® For Children	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Family Connections (Birth to Age 5)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Family Connects	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 6 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 3 No effect: 4 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Family Spirit^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Following Baby Back Home (FBBH)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Health Access Nurturing Development Services (HANDS) Program	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 6 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
HealthConnect One's^® Community-Based Doula Program	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Healthy Beginnings	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 13 No effect: 8 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Healthy Families America (HFA)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 8 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 6 No effect: 40 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Healthy Start-Home Visiting HHS has determined that Healthy Start is not eligible for review by HomVEE because it is a federal grant program and not a home visiting model. Information on Healthy Start has been removed from the website.		Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol) This report focuses on Healthy Steps as implemented in the 1996 evaluation. HHS has determined that home visiting is not the primary service delivery strategy and the model does not meet current requirements for MIECHV program implementation.	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 4 No effect: 5 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 6 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 2	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Home-Start	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
HOMEBUILDERS (Birth to Age 5)^®	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-Visiting Program (MECSH)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 2 No effect: 6 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker (MIHOW)^®	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 5 No effect: 10 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 4	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Maternal Infant Health Program (MIHP)	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 7 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Minding the Baby^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
MOM Program	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Mothers’ Advocates in the Community (MOSAIC)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
North Carolina Baby Love Maternal Outreach Workers Program Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 5 No effect: 26 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 Secondary: Favorable: 2 No effect: 14 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Nurses for Newborns^®	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Nurturing Parenting Programs (Birth to Age 5)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Oklahoma’s Community-Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 0 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Parent-Child Assistance Program (P-CAP)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
ParentChild+^® Core Model	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 22 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
Philani Outreach Programme	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Entries in this row combine information across all versions of PALS except for PALS Infant. Some other versions of PALS have at least one high- or moderate-quality impact study, but no version of the model other than PALS Infant meets HHS criteria for an evidence-based home visiting model.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Pride in Parenting (PIP) Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Promoting First Relationships^®—Home Visiting Option	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Promoting Parental Skills and Enhancing Attachment in Early Childhood (CAPEDP) Trial Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Resource Mothers Program Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Resources, Education, and Care in the Home (REACH)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Primary: Favorable: 0 No effect: 2 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 Secondary: Favorable: 1 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation Outcome details
REST Routine Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
SafeCare^® Entries in this row combine information across all versions of SafeCare except for SafeCare Augmented. The main version of SafeCare has no high- or moderate-quality impact studies. Some other versions of SafeCare have at least one such study, but no version of the model other than SafeCare Augmented meets HHS criteria for an evidence-based home visiting model. Planned Activities Training (a SafeCare module) and Cellular Phone Enhanced Planned Activities Training (a SafeCare module with an add-on) show evidence of effectiveness.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
SafeCare Augmented	Meets HHS criteria? Yes	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not applicable	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Triple P - Positive Parenting Program^®—Variants suitable for home visiting No Triple P intervention is exclusively delivered in the home with families with children from birth through age 5. This profile is based on (1) studies of programs that provided Triple P services in the home to families with children from birth through age 5, and (2) developer input on the Triple P interventions suitable for delivery in the home with families with children from birth through age 5.	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation
Video-Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting-Sensitive Discipline^® (VIPP-SD)	Meets HHS criteria? No	Outcome measures Not measured in high- or moderate-rated outcomes	For more information Model effectiveness Implementation