Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol)
This report focuses on Healthy Steps as implemented in the 1996 evaluation. HHS has determined that home visiting is not the primary service delivery strategy and the model does not meet current requirements for MIECHV program implementation.
Last updated: 2011
Effects shown in research & outcome measure details
Maternal health
Findings rated high
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother resumed smoking | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-4 months | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1987 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | OR = 1.20 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
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| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother resumed smoking |
Percentage of mothers who resumed smoking after the birth of their child | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CES-D scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 4.74 | Mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = 0.55 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Any illicit drug use in past year | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 0.07 | Mean = 0.05 | OR = 1.02 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Clinically significant depressive symptoms | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 0.10 | Mean = 0.07 | OR = 0.93 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
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| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CES-D |
A modified14-item version of the CES-D that assesses depressive symptoms. The researchers analyzed the modified total score ranging from 0 to 42 and a binary variable dividing the sample into those that were at or above the clinical cutoff (11) and those below it. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Cronbach’s α = .83 |
|
Any illicit drug use in past year |
Percentage of parents who reported using illegal drugs during the past year |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Clinically significant depressive symptoms |
A modified14-item version of the CES-D that assesses depressive symptoms. The researchers analyzed the modified total score ranging from 0 to 42 and a binary variable dividing the sample into those that were at or above the clinical cutoff (11) and those below it. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CES-D score above clinical cutoff | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.06 | Mean = 0.07 | OR = 0.65 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Any CES-D mental health symptoms | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.14 | Mean = 0.01 | OR = 0.95 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Household drug/alcohol concern | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.10 | Mean = 0.05 | OR = 1.62 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.29 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Modified CES-D scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 4.18 | Mean = 3.56 | Mean difference = 0.33 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychosocial profile (Daily Hassles) score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 15.85 | Mean = 15.21 | Mean difference = 0.38 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Support Behavior Inventory – Family | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 60.38 | Mean = 60.43 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Support Behavior Inventory – Partner | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 58.71 | Mean = 60.25 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Show outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CES-D score above clinical cutoff |
A modified 14-item version of the CES-D that assesses depressive symptoms. The researchers analyzed the modified total score ranging from 0 to 42 and a binary variable dividing the sample into those who were at or above the clinical cutoff and those below it. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
PPP: Daily Hassles Scale |
The Daily Hassles Scale of the PPP assesses stress. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Cronbach’s α = .67 |
|
SBI: PartnerSBI: Family |
The SBI assesses satisfaction with levels of social and emotional support. The researchers examined the support received from family and from a partner. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Cronbach’s α = .96 (Partner) Cronbach’s a = .94 (Family) |
|
Any mental health symptoms |
Percentage of parents reporting that they have mental health symptoms |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Household drug/alcohol concern |
Percentage of parents who reported concern about alcohol or drug use by themselves or by, another household member |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not reported by author |
|
Modified CES-D scale |
A modified 14-item version of the CES-D that assesses depressive symptoms. The researchers analyzed the modified total score ranging from 0 to 42 and a binary variable dividing the sample into those who were at or above the clinical cutoff and those below it. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Cronbach’s α = .83 |
|
Self-efficacy (health care specific) |
This scale measures parents’ self-efficacy in addressing child health problems. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Cronbach’s α = .82 |