Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®

Last updated: 2019

Effects shown in research & outcome measure details

Positive parenting practices

Findings rated high

Wagner, M., Clayton, S., Gerlach-Downie, S., & McElroy, M. (1999). An evaluation of the northern California Parents as Teachers demonstration. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.

Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
KIDI	The KIDI measures the parent’s knowledge of childrearing practices and developmental processes. The researchers measured the percentage of items that were answered correctly on the 57-item assessment.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
PSOC Scale: Total score, Parenting satisfaction subscale, Parenting efficacy subscale	The PSOC measures parent attitudes and self-efficacy. The researchers examined the total score and two subscale scores regarding parental, efficacy and satisfaction.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
HOME: Total score Parental responsivity subscale Acceptance of child’s behavior subscale Organization of the environment subscale Appropriate play materials subscale Involvement with child subscale Opportunities for stimulation subscale Parental responsivity subscale Language- and literacy-promoting behaviors Mother-child interaction Discipline	The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The researchers examined the total score, as well as the following subscales: acceptance of child’s behavior, opportunity for stimulation, organization of the environment, parental involvement, parental responsivity, appropriate play materials, language promoting behaviors, mother-child interaction, and discipline.	Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment	Not reported by author

Findings rated moderate

Wagner, M., & Spiker, D. (2001). Experiences and outcomes for children and families: Multisite Parents as Teachers evaluation. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International. http://www.sri.com/policy/cehs/publications/humanpub/patfinal.pdf.

Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
While doing everyday things parent reads aloud to child	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2-year assessment	Three-site sample	266 mothers	Mean = 3.10	Mean = 2.90	Mean difference = 0.20	Study reported = 0.20	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
While doing everyday things parent talks to/asks child questions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	1-year assessment	Three-site sample	343 mothers	Mean = 3.30	Mean = 3.20	Mean difference = 0.10	Study reported = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
While doing everyday things parent talks to/asks child questions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2-year assessment	Three-site sample	266 mothers	Mean = 3.30	Mean = 3.40	Mean difference = -0.10	Study reported = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
KIDI: All items General child development Language/cognitive development Emotional development Discipline Child care and safety	The KIDI measures the parent’s knowledge of childrearing practices and developmental processes. In addition to the total score, the researchers examined subscales about general child development, language/cognitive development, emotional development, and discipline.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
NCAST: Total score	The NCAST assesses the quality of teaching interaction between caregivers and young children. Mothers were assessed while introducing a new toy to their child. Areas of assessment included cue-giving and responsiveness to cues of both the parents and children.	Observation	Not reported by author
PSOC: Total score, Parenting efficacy, Satisfaction	The PSOC measures parent attitudes and self-efficacy. The researchers analyzed the total score and scores on the two subscales: parent satisfaction and parent efficacy.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
AAPI: Average CMPS score	The CMPS from the AAPI assesses attitudes toward disciplining children that have been shown to, correlate with later abusive behaviors toward them.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
HOME: Language- and literacy-promoting behaviors Total score Parental responsivity Acceptance of child’s behavior Organization of the environment Appropriate play materials Involvement Opportunities for stimulation	The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The researchers examined the total score, as well as subscales related to parental responsivity, acceptance of child's behavior, provision of appropriate play materials,, organization of the child’s environment, parental involvement with children, and the opportunities provided for daily stimulation.	Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment	Not reported by author
Language, literacy, numeracy promotion scale While doing everyday things, parent talks to/asks child questions While doing everyday things, parent reads aloud to child While doing everyday things, parent counts things or uses numbers with child Parent tells stories, sings with child Parent reads books with child Parent talks to/asks child questions during reading	A 6-item measure of direct parent-child verbal interactions that encourage children’s language development, literacy, and numeracy. Each question was answered on a 4-point scale, with 4 being the most positive response. An overall scale was formed by summing the values on these six items.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
Parent Observation Scale	A scale of parent observations skills ranging from 1 to 4, with 4 being the most observant	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author

Wagner, M., Cameto, R., & Gerlach-Downie, S. (1996). Intervention in support of adolescent parents and their children: A final report on the Teen Parents as Teachers Demonstration. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.

Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
HOME: Total score Parental responsivity subscale Acceptance of child’s behavior subscale Appropriate play materials subscale Organization of the environment subscale Involvement with child subscale Opportunities for stimulation subscale	The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The researchers examined the total score, as well as subscales related to parental responsivity, acceptance of child's behavior, provision of appropriate play materials, organization of the child’s environment, parental involvement with children, and the opportunities provided for daily stimulation.	Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment	Not reported by author

Campbell, K. I., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Parents as first teachers pilot programme evaluation : Age three assessments. Final report to the ministry of education on the Dunedin and Gisborne/East coast areas. Wellington: Ministry of Education.

PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
HOME Questionnaire, Overall	The Home Observation forMeasurement of theEnvironment (HOME)Questionnaire was designed to rate family interaction/reactionary behaviors and non-interactive behaviors, especially between the main caregiver and the child.	Observational Assessment	Not reported by authors
Parental Concerns, Disruption of plans	Number/percentage of parents who reported caring for their child had disrupted their personal plans	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Parental Concerns, Disruption of relationship with partner	Number/percentage of parents who reported caring for their child had disrupted their relationship with their partner	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Parental Concerns, Significant Concern	Number/percentage of parents who had a significant concern about caring for their child	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Parental Concerns, Social Concern	Number/percentage of parents who had a social concern about caring for their child	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Parents as Teachers Questionnaire, Overall	The Parents as Teachers Questionnaire was designed to assess parental knowledge of child health and development.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by authors
Total number of activities	Mean total number of activities children experienced at home within six months prior to the parental interview	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Total number of experiences	Mean total number of children's experiences out of the home	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Video Session, Parent-Child Interaction	Parent-child interactions were video recorded and scored by researchers.	Videotaped observation	Not reported by authors

Boyd, A. (1997). Parents as first teachers pilot project evaluation (PAFT) : Report on Whangarei region: Final complete draft. Wellington: Ministry of Education.

PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Positive caregiver behaviors - imaginative play episode, responding to child	Mean number of times caregiver responded to their child's initiative during interactive play	Videotaped observation	Not applicable

Pfannenstiel, J. (2015). Evaluation of the i3 validation of improving education outcomes for American Indian children. Unpublished manuscript. Overland Park, KS: Research & Training Associates, Inc.

Bureau of Indian Affairs’ Baby Family and Child Education Program (Baby FACE)

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Frequency of home literacy activity	A list of 14 literacy activities rated on a 5-point scale from rarely/never to daily/several times a day	Parent report	Cronbach's alpha is .88
Hours parent reads to child, RCT	Hours read to child	Parent report	Not applicable
Protective Factors Survey - Nurturing and Attachment	The Protective Factors Survey is a self-administered survey with five subscales: family functioning/resiliency, social support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and child development knowledge.	Parent report	Cronbach's alpha is .78
Protective Factors Survey - Parent's Child Development Knowledge	The Protective Factors Survey is a self-administered survey with five subscales: family functioning/resiliency, social support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and child development knowledge.	Parent report	Cronbach's alpha is .69

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