Healthy Families America (HFA)^®

Last updated: September 2018

Effects Shown in Research & Outcome Measure Details

Reductions in Juvenile Delinquency, Family Violence, and Crime

Outcomes Rated High

Bair-Merritt, M. H., Jennings, J. M., Chen, R., Burrell, L., McFarlane, E., Fuddy, L., et al. (2010). Reducing maternal intimate partner violence after the birth of a child: A randomized controlled trial of the Hawaii Healthy Start home visitation program. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164(1), 16–23.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up Timing	Sample	Sample Size	Program Group	Comparison Group	Group Difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Outcome Type	Notes
Maternal perpetration (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Average across 3 years of program	Full sample, Hawaii trial	640 mothers	Mean = 5.08	Mean = 7.72	IRR = 0.83	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.05	Secondary	footnote60 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Actual p-value was not reported by the authors.
Maternal perpetration (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Average when child was 7-9 years old	Full sample, Hawaii trial	640 mothers	Mean = 2.45	Mean = 2.51	IRR = 0.98	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Maternal victimization (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Average across 3 years of program	Full sample, Hawaii trial	640 mothers	Mean = 7.50	Mean = 9.55	IRR = 0.86	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary	footnote59 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Incidence rate ratio is calculated using imputed data and adjusted for baseline covariates.
Maternal victimization (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Average when child was 7-9 years old	Full sample, Hawaii trial	640 mothers	Mean = 3.35	Mean = 4.01	IRR = 0.95	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome Measure	Outcome Measure Description	Collection method	Properties	Outcome Type	Operations links
CTS: Maternal perpetration	The CTS assesses victimization and perpetration related to intimate partner violence and maltreatment. The researchers used the 38-item CTS1 at baseline and the 78-item revised CTS2 at subsequent follow-ups. The CTS2 includes questions on verbal aggression/abuse, physical assault, sexual coercion/abuse, and injury. The researchers transformed the CTS’s categorical response categories into counts: never (0), once (1), twice (2), 3 to 5 times (4), 6 to 10 times (8), 11 to 20 times (15), and more than 20 times (25).	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α: verbal aggression and abuse (.79), physical assault (.86), sexual coercion and abuse (.87), and injury (.95),	Secondary
CTS: Maternal victimization	The CTS assesses victimization and perpetration related to intimate partner violence and maltreatment. The researchers used the 38-item CTS1 at baseline and the 78-item revised CTS2 at subsequent follow-ups. The CTS2 includes questions on verbal aggression/abuse, physical assault, sexual coercion/abuse, and injury. The researchers transformed the CTS’s categorical response categories into counts: never (0), once (1), twice (2), 3 to 5 times (4), 6 to 10 times (8), 11 to 20 times (15), and more than 20 times (25).	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α: verbal aggression and abuse (.79), physical assault (.86), sexual coercion and abuse (.87), and injury (.95),	Secondary

Duggan, A., Fuddy, L., Burrell, L., Higman, S. M., McFarlane, E., Windham, A., et al. (2004). Randomized trial of a statewide home visiting program to prevent child abuse: Impact in reducing parental risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(6), 623–643.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up Timing	Sample	Sample Size	Program Group	Comparison Group	Group Difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Outcome Type	Notes
Partner incident resulting in injury (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 24.00	% = 26.00	= -2.00	HomeVEE calculated = -0.06	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner incident resulting in injury (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 2	Full sample, Hawaii trial	556 mothers	% = 14.00	% = 20.00	= -6.00	HomeVEE calculated = -0.26	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner incident resulting in injury (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, Hawaii trial	548 mothers	% = 17.00	% = 18.00	= -1.00	HomeVEE calculated = -0.04	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner incident resulting in injury (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Years 1-3	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 24.00	% = 26.00	OR = 0.81	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Partner physical abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 37.00	% = 42.00	= -5.00	HomeVEE calculated = -0.13	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner physical abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 2	Full sample, Hawaii trial	556 mothers	% = 26.00	% = 32.00	= -6.00	HomeVEE calculated = -0.18	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner physical abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, Hawaii trial	548 mothers	% = 29.00	% = 30.00	= -1.00	HomeVEE calculated = -0.03	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner physical abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Years 1-3	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 37.00	% = 42.00	OR = 0.83	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Partner psychological abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 49.00	% = 49.00	= 0.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.00	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner psychological abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 2	Full sample, Hawaii trial	556 mothers	% = 42.00	% = 42.00	= 0.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.00	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner psychological abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, Hawaii trial	548 mothers	% = 42.00	% = 38.00	= -4.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.10	Statistical significance not reported	Secondary
Partner psychological abuse (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Years 1-3	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 49.00	% = 49.00	OR = 1.05	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary	footnote51 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Adjusted odds ratios are based on the average effect across all follow-up years.

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome Measure	Outcome Measure Description	Collection method	Properties	Outcome Type	Operations links
CTS: Partner psychological abuse Partner physical abuse Partner incident resulting in injury	The CTS assesses victimization and perpetration related to intimate partner violence and maltreatment. The researchers examined the prevalence of psychological abuse, physical abuse, and an incident of injury. The father was considered to be physically violent if he had committed three or more incidents of physical violence toward the mother in the year prior to the baseline interview and was psychologically aggressive if he had committed acts of psychological aggression more than 35 times in the year prior to the interview.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author	Secondary

Landsverk, J., Carrilio, T., Connelly, C. D., Ganger, W., Slymen, D., Newton, R., et al. (2002). Healthy Families San Diego clinical trial: Technical report. San Diego, CA: The Stuart Foundation, California Wellness Foundation, State of California Department of Social Services: Office of Child Abuse Prevention.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up Timing	Sample	Sample Size	Program Group	Comparison Group	Group Difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Outcome Type
Family court	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	422 families	% = 11.00	% = 10.00	= 1.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significantNot statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Family court	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	382 families	% = 10.00	% = 7.00	= 3.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.24	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Incident of physical assault, frequency (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	422 families	Mean = 24.70	Mean = 2.20	Mean difference = -0.20	HomeVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Incident of physical assault, frequency (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	382 families	Mean = 0.93	Mean = 0.87	Mean difference = 0.06	HomeVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Incident of physical assault, prevalence (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	422 families	% = 36.00	% = 39.00	= -3.00	HomeVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Incident of physical assault, prevalence (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	382 families	% = 18.00	% = 17.00	= 1.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Partner violence resulting in injury (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	422 families	% = 15.00	% = 15.00	= 1.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Partner violence resulting in injury (CTS)	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	382 families	% = 8.00	% = 6.00	= 2.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Restraining order	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	422 families	% = 7.00	% = 7.00	= 0.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary
Restraining order	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	382 families	% = 6.00	% = 4.00	= 2.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.26	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Secondary

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome Measure	Outcome Measure Description	Collection method	Properties	Outcome Type	Operations links
CTS: Partner violence resulting in injury Incident of physical assault, prevalence	The CTS assesses victimization and perpetration related to intimate partner violence and maltreatment. The researchers examined the prevalence and the frequency of physical assault and partner violence that resulted in injury.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author	Secondary
Family court	Percentage of program participants who had been connected to resources that helped them enter family court	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable	Secondary
Restraining order	Percentage of program participants who had been connected to resources that helped them obtain a restraining order	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable	Secondary

Outcomes Rated Moderate

Duggan, A., Fuddy, L., McFarlane, E., Burrell, L., Windham, A., Higman, S., & Sia, C. (2004). Evaluating a statewide home visiting program to prevent child abuse in at-risk families of newborns: Fathers’ participation and outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 9(1), 3–17.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up Timing	Sample	Sample Size	Program Group	Comparison Group	Group Difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Outcome Type	Notes
Maternally reported father violence	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	Years 1-3	All families	600 families	Not available	Not available	OR = 0.78	HomeVEE calculated = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.12	Secondary	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome Measure	Outcome Measure Description	Collection method	Properties	Outcome Type	Operations links
Maternally reported father violence	Physical violence towards mother three or more times in year before baseline interview, based on Conflict Tactics Scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable	Secondary

LeCroy, C. W., & Krysik, J. (2011). Randomized trial of the Healthy Families Arizona home visiting program. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1761–1766.

Healthy Families America (HFA)^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up Timing	Sample	Sample Size	Program Group	Comparison Group	Group Difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Outcome Type
Family violence	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	12 months	Arizona sample	168 mothers	Mean = 0.43	Mean = 0.52	Mean difference = -0.09	HomeVEE calculated = -1.12	Not statistically significant, p =0.37	Secondary
Family violence	FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect	6 months	Arizona sample	180 mothers	Mean = 0.51	Mean = 0.43	Mean difference = 0.08	HomeVEE calculated = 1.87	Not statistically significant, p =0.15	Secondary

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome Measure	Outcome Measure Description	Collection method	Properties	Outcome Type	Operations links
Family violence	The authors used common indicators of violence to create a family violence index similar to the Conflict Tactics Scale. The index included items that describe violent behaviors in the home such as pushing and shoving, slapping, and throwing objects.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author	Secondary

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