footnote162
Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Last updated: September 2018
Effects Shown in Research & Outcome Measure Details
Positive Parenting Practices
Outcomes Rated High
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Learning environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 35.20 | Mean = 35.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Learning environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 34.60 | Mean = 34.10 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 12.80 | Mean = 12.70 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 15.00 | Mean = 14.60 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 6.80 | Mean = 6.50 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 7.20 | Mean = 7.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Parenting efficacy (PSOC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 75.20 | Mean = 74.40 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Parenting efficacy (PSOC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 76.10 | Mean = 74.10 | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
Secondary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCAST: Caregiver total score NCAST: Child total score |
The NCAST assesses the quality of teaching interaction between caregivers and young children. The researchers examined separate composite scores for both children and parents. | Observation | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
PSOC |
The PSOC measures parent attitudes and self-efficacy. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
HOME: Learning environment |
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
Primary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Mean = 5.60 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Primary |
| Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | Mean = 5.40 | Mean = 5.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Primary |
| Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | Mean = 3.20 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Primary |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Mean = 9.30 | Mean = 9.20 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Statistical signifivance not reported | Primary |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | Mean = 9.30 | Mean = 8.90 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Primary |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | Mean = 4.80 | Mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Primary |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 0.18 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 98.00 | % = 99.00 | = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.43 | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 100.00 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 100.00 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Mean = 33.00 | Mean = 30.90 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | Mean = 45.70 | Mean = 42.40 | Mean difference = 3.30 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | Mean = 47.00 | Mean = 46.10 | Mean difference = 0.90 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 1.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 35.00 | % = 36.00 | = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 62.00 | % = 62.00 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 71.00 | % = 67.00 | = 4.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Mean = 1.50 | Mean = 1.10 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | Mean = 2.90 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | Mean = 5.20 | Mean = 5.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | Secondary |
| Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTS-PC: Nonviolent discipline |
The CTS-PC assesses neglectful, psychologically aggressive, and abusive parenting behaviors and acts. The assessment is divided into six subscales, including a scale of nonviolent discipline | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
CTS-PC: Timeouts |
The CTS-PC assesses neglectful, psychologically aggressive, and abusive parenting behaviors and acts. The assessment is divided into six subscales, including a scale of nonviolent discipline. The assessment also asks how often parents used specific parenting behaviors, such as timeouts, in the recent past. The researchers examined both the prevalence and frequency (times used in the past week or past year) of timeouts and nonviolent discipline. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
HOME: Acceptance of child’s behavior HOME: Responsivity |
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The HOME includes several subscales, including scales that describe the extent to which parents respond to their child’s behavior and parental acceptance of challenging child behaviors. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
Primary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother relinquished role (child lived separately from mother for one month or more) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1 and 2 | Full sample, Alaska trial | 322 families | % = 18.00 | % = 16.00 | OR = 1.19 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother relinquished role |
Percentage of families in which the child lived separately from the mother for one month or more. Research staff determined whether separation cases were a relinquishment of parenting responsibilities, or a necessary separation to meet professional or family responsibilities. | Parent/caregiver report and review of records | Not applicable |
Secondary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 37.10 | Mean = 35.90 | Mean difference = 1.20 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 40.30 | Mean = 39.80 | Mean difference = 0.50 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 17.30 | Mean = 16.80 | Mean difference = 0.50 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 16.60 | Mean = 16.40 | Mean difference = 0.20 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Nonviolent discipline (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 99.50 | = 0.50 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Nonviolent discipline (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | % = 95.50 | % = 95.50 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Quality of home environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 35.60 | Mean = 35.20 | Mean difference = 0.40 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Quality of home environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 40.10 | Mean = 40.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCAST: Caregiver total score NCAST: Child total score |
The NCAST assesses the quality of teaching interaction between caregivers and young children. The researchers examined separate composite scores for both children and parents. | Observation | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
CTS-PC: Nonviolent discipline |
The CTS-PC assesses neglectful, psychologically aggressive, and abusive parenting behaviors and acts. The assessment includes several subscales, including nonviolent discipline, which the researchers used to examine the prevalence of nonviolent discipline in the sample. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
HOME: Total score |
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
Primary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggressive discipline | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 1.44 | Mean = 1.83 | Mean difference = -0.39 | HomeVEE calculated = -2.43 | Not statistically significant, p =0.10 | Secondary |
| Belief in corporal punishment | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 2.25 | Mean = 2.15 | Mean difference = 0.10 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p =0.12 | Primary |
| Belief in corporal punishment (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 2.21 | Mean = 2.23 | Mean difference = -0.02 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p =0.63 | Primary |
| Inappropriate expectations | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 3.05 | Mean = 2.88 | Mean difference = 0.17 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p =0.10 | Primary |
| Inappropriate expectations (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 2.77 | Mean = 2.77 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p =0.91 | Primary |
| Lack of empathy | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 1.95 | Mean = 1.94 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.54 | Primary |
| Lack of empathy (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 1.80 | Mean = 1.78 | Mean difference = 0.02 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p =0.91 | Primary |
| Mother's reading | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 2.26 | Mean = 2.22 | Mean difference = 0.04 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p =0.85 | Primary |
| Mother's reading | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 2.46 | Mean = 2.72 | Mean difference = -0.26 | HomeVEE calculated = -1.62 | Not statistically significant, p =0.28 | Primary |
| Never called name, cursed | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 96.40 | Mean % = 94.10 | Mean difference = 2.30 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p =0.33 | Secondary |
| Never hit elsewhere | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 98.80 | Mean % = 96.50 | Mean difference = 2.30 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.68 | Not statistically significant, p =0.28 | Secondary |
| Never pinched child | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 98.80 | Mean % = 94.10 | Mean difference = 4.70 | HomeVEE calculated = 1.12 | Not statistically significant, p =0.15 | Secondary |
| Never shouted, yelled at child | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 50.60 | Mean % = 34.10 | Mean difference = 16.50 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.43 | Statistically significant, p =0.02 | Secondary |
| Never slapped hand | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 56.60 | Mean % = 38.80 | Mean difference = 17.80 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.42 | Statistically significant, p =0.03 | Secondary |
| Never slapped on face | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 100.00 | Mean % = 97.60 | Mean difference = 2.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.99 | Secondary |
| Never smacked/threatened, hit | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 69.50 | Mean % = 63.50 | Mean difference = 6.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p =0.30 | Secondary |
| Never spanked | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 71.10 | Mean % = 65.80 | Mean difference = 5.30 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p =0.19 | Secondary |
| Never threw object at child | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 100.00 | Mean % = 98.80 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.32 | Secondary |
| Oppressing child's independence | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = | Mean = 3.32 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.68 | Primary |
| Oppressing child's independence (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 3.62 | Mean = 3.58 | Mean difference = 0.04 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p =0.06 | Primary |
| Reversing roles | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 2.60 | Mean = 2.47 | Mean difference = 0.13 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p =0.32 | Primary |
| Reversing roles (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = | Mean = 2.25 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.33 | Primary |
| Safety practices | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 17.96 | Mean = 17.07 | Mean difference = 0.89 | HomeVEE calculated = 1.17 | Not statistically significant, p =0.42 | Primary |
| Safety practices | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 17.95 | Mean = 16.05 | Mean difference = 1.90 | HomeVEE calculated = 3.00 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 | Primary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggressive discipline |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Beliefin corporal punishment (AAPI-2) |
The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 (AAPI-2)was used to assess the child rearing attitudes of parents. The AAPI-2 includes five subscales: inappropriate expectations, parental lack of empathy, parental belief in corporal punishment, reversing parent-child family roles, and oppressing children’s power and independence. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Inappropriate expectations (AAPI-2) |
The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 (AAPI-2)was used to assess the child rearing attitudes of parents. The AAPI-2 includes five subscales: inappropriate expectations, parental lack of empathy, parental belief in corporal punishment, reversing parent-child family roles, and oppressing children’s power and independence. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Lack of empathy (AAPI-2) |
The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 (AAPI-2)was used to assess the child rearing attitudes of parents. The AAPI-2 includes five subscales: inappropriate expectations, parental lack of empathy, parental belief in corporal punishment, reversing parent-child family roles, and oppressing children’s power and independence. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Mother's reading |
An estimate of the time spent reading to the child on a weekly basis | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Primary | |
Never called name, cursed |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never hit elsewhere |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never pinched child |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never shouted, yelled at child |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never slapped hand |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never slapped on face |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never smacked/threatened, hit |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never spanked |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Never threw object at child |
The authors developed a modified version of the Revised Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale that used the most serious indicators of abusive and neglectful behavior. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Oppressing child's independence (AAPI-2) |
The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 (AAPI-2)was used to assess the child rearing attitudes of parents. The AAPI-2 includes five subscales: inappropriate expectations, parental lack of empathy, parental belief in corporal punishment, reversing parent-child family roles, and oppressing children’s power and independence. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Reversing roles (AAPI-2) |
The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 (AAPI-2)was used to assess the child rearing attitudes of parents. The AAPI-2 includes five subscales: inappropriate expectations, parental lack of empathy, parental belief in corporal punishment, reversing parent-child family roles, and oppressing children’s power and independence. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Safety practices |
A safety practices index included a list of items that were validated as true or false such as parent has a car seat, poisons are not within child’s reach, and similar indicators. | Observation | Not reported by author |
Primary |
Outcomes Rated Moderate
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver contingency score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 15.40 | Adjusted mean = 15.00 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Cognitive growth fostering (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.80 | Adjusted mean = 11.90 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Infant caregiving (AAPI) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 112.10 | Adjusted mean = 109.50 | Mean difference = 2.60 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Maternal self-efficacy (Teti scale) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 35.10 | Adjusted mean = 34.60 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Parenting attitudes (AAPI) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 130.00 | Adjusted mean = 125.60 | Mean difference = 4.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Parenting knowledge (KIDI) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 73.50 | Adjusted mean = 70.70 | Mean difference = 2.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Quality of home environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 36.70 | Adjusted mean = 35.90 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Recognition of child developmental delay | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | % = 20.00 | % = 24.00 | Not reported | HomeVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Response to distress (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.20 | Adjusted mean = 8.90 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Sensitivity to cues (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.40 | Adjusted mean = 9.20 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Social-emotional growth fostering (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.00 | Adjusted mean = 8.80 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Use of mild physical strategies, frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
| Use of nonviolent disciplinary strategies, frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 50.40 | Adjusted mean = 50.50 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KIDI |
The KIDI measures the parent’s knowledge of childrearing practices and developmental processes. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
NCAST:
|
The NCAST assesses the quality of teaching interaction between caregivers and young children. The researchers used the composite caregiver score and caregiver subscales related to sensitivity to cues from the child, response to the child’s distress, and fostering of social-emotional and cognitive development. The caregiver subscales and total scores were analyzed as continuous. The researchers also used a binary measure where those with total scores less than or equal to 35 were defined as having poor interaction. | Observation | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
AAPI: Infant Caregiving Inventory |
The AAPI assesses parenting and childrearing attitudes. In addition to the total score, the Infant Caregiving Inventory was used to examine caregiver beliefs and understanding of the influences of infant, caregiving practices on child and parental well-being. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
AAPI: Parenting attitudes |
The AAPI assesses parenting and childrearing attitudes. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
CTS-PC: Use of nonviolent disciplinary strategies CTS-PC: Use of mild physical strategies |
The CTS-PC assesses neglectful, psychologically aggressive, and abusive parenting behaviors and acts. The researchers analyzed the frequency with which nonviolent discipline strategies and mild physical strategies were used. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
HOME: Total score |
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Recognition of child developmental delay |
A measure comparing the child’s development with that of most other children. For children assessed as developmentally delayed, recognition of delay occurred if the parent responded that their child, was developing slower than other children. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Teti Maternal Self-efficacy Scale |
The Teti Maternal Self-efficacy Scale assesses self-evaluated parenting competence and effectiveness. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitudes toward corporal punishment (AAPI) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 20.50 | Adjusted mean = 10.10 | Mean difference = 0.38 | Not available | Not Statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Poor caregiver interaction, (NCAST score = 35) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 17.00 | % = 21.00 | OR = 0.79 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.16 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Poor quality home environment (HOME score = 33) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 20.00 | % = 31.00 | OR = 0.51 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.36 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
Primary |
| Total AAPI score | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 130.00 | Adjusted mean = 125.60 | Mean difference = 4.47 | Not available | Not Statistically significant, p >: 0.05 |
Primary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCAST: Poor caregiver interaction |
The NCAST assesses the quality of teaching interaction between caregivers and young children. The researchers define poor caregiver interaction as a composite NCAST caregiver score below or equal to 35. | Observation | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
AAPI: Attitudes toward corporal punishment AAPI: Total score |
The AAPI assesses parenting and childrearing attitudes. The researchers examined both the AAPI total score and a subscale of the Discipline Questionnaire that measured attitudes about the effectiveness of physical punishment. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
HOME: Poor-quality HOME environment (HOME score = 33) |
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The researchers defined poor-quality home environment as a HOME total score below or equal to 33. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
Primary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change in father’s engagement score | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | All families | 600 families | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.20 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.97 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 | Secondary |
| Change in father’s responsibility score | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | All families | 600 families | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 | Secondary |
| Father has daily contact with child | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | All families | 600 families | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.12 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 | Secondary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Change in father’s engagement score |
A measure based on mother report of how often the father performed five tasks: (1) changing diapers/toilet training, (2) feeding the child, (3) comforting the child, (4) playing with the child, and (5) teaching the child new things. Scores for each item ranged from 0 to 4, with 4 representing the greatest engagement. | Parent/caregiver report | Cronbach’s a = 0.86 |
Secondary | |
Change in father’s responsibility score |
A measure of the share of responsibility that the father took for the child’s welfare. Mothers reported how the parents shared responsibility in assuring that (1) the child had an appropriate diet, (2) the child was learning and developing appropriately, (3) the child always had a trustworthy caregiver, and (4) the house was safe to prevent injury to the child. Scores for each item ranged from 0 to 4, with 4 representing the greatest level of father responsibility. | Parent/caregiver report | Cronbach’s a = 0.89 |
Secondary | |
Father has daily contact with child |
Percentage of fathers who had daily contact with the child, as reported by mothers. | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Secondary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory Corporal Punishment Subscale (AAPI-CP) Score - full sample | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 763 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.89 | Adjusted mean = 1.97 | Mean difference = -0.08 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p>0.05 | Primary | |
| Number of times in last month parent read to child - full sample | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.74 | Adjusted mean = 4.43 | Mean difference = 0.31 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.26 | Statistically significant, p = 0.00 | Secondary | |
| Parent-Child Activities Scale (PCAS) score - full sample | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.84 | Adjusted mean = 4.73 | Mean difference = 0.11 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.15 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 | Primary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory Corporal Punishment Subscale (AAPI-CP) Score - full sample |
The Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory-Corporal Punishment Subscale assesses parenting and childrearing attitudes on discipline. | Parent/caregiver report | Crohnbach's alpha = .77 |
Primary | |
Number of times in last month parent read to child - full sample |
This survey item asks for the number of times in the last month that the parent read to child. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary | |
Parent-Child Activities Scale (PCAS) score - full sample |
The Parent-Child Activities Scale assesses the frequency with which the parent engaged in several activities with the child that can stimulate cognitive and language development, including reading or telling stories, dancing, singing, and playing outside together. | Parent/caregiver report | Crohnbach's alpha = .678 |
Primary |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show Study Effects Details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up Timing | Sample | Sample Size | Program Group | Comparison Group | Group Difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Outcome Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitudes: Empathy (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 37.12 | Adjusted mean = 36.64 | Mean difference = 0.48 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Attitudes: Inappropriate expectations (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 19.11 | Adjusted mean = 18.83 | Mean difference = 0.28 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Attitudes: Physical punishment (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 38.43 | Adjusted mean = 38.01 | Mean difference = 0.42 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Attitudes: Power/independence (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 19.39 | Adjusted mean = 19.40 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Attitudes: Role reversal (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 23.59 | Adjusted mean = 23.24 | Mean difference = 0.35 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Primary |
| Child safety checklist | FavorableUnfavorableNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | % = 86.10 | % = 85.90 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Secondary |
Show Study Outcome Measure Summary
| Outcome Measure | Outcome Measure Description | Collection method | Properties | Outcome Type | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AAPI-2: Physical punishment, Inappropriate expectations, Empathy, Role reversal, Power and independence |
The AAPI-2 assesses parenting and childrearing attitudes. The researchers examined five subscales: inappropriate expectations, empathy, corporal punishment, role reversal, power, and independence | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Primary | |
Child Safety Checklist (CSC) |
The CSC assesses parental safety practices. Parents were asked how regularly they engaged in 23 child safety behaviors in the past year. Response choices included some of the time, none of the time, or all of the time. The authors analyzed the percentage of practices that parents reported doing all of the time. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Secondary |