Parents as Teachers (PAT)® Meets HHS Criteria

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019

Effects shown in research

Child development and school readiness

Findings rated high

Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
BSID Behavioral Rating Scale
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 month Ohio sample 354 children Mean = 109.63 Mean = 109.20 Mean difference = 0.43 Study reported = 0.06 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.56
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
BSID Mental Development Scale
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 month Ohio sample 344 children Mean = 96.97 Mean = 97.75 Mean difference = -0.78 Study reported = -0.05 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.67
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
BSID, Behavioral Rating Scale
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 342 children Mean = 111.84 Mean = 113.48 Mean difference = -1.64 Study reported = -0.14 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.20
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
CBRS, Engagement Score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 month Ohio sample 336 children Mean = 2.81 Mean = 2.98 Mean difference = -0.17 Study reported = -0.17 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.11
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Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors.
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
CBRS, Negative Affect Score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 month Ohio sample 336 children Mean = 4.93 Mean = 4.93 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.00 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.97
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Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors.
CBRS, Positive Affect Score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 month Ohio sample 336 children Mean = 2.43 Mean = 2.44 Mean difference = -0.01 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.96
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Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors.
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
CBRS: Involvement Score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
24 month Ohio sample 330 children Mean = 4.13 Mean = 4.18 Mean difference = -0.05 Study reported = -0.05 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.73
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Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors.
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
KABC Simultaneous Processing Standard Score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 331 children Mean = 107.77 Mean = 109.29 Mean difference = -1.52 Study reported = -0.11 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.30
SSRS Parent Report
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 336 children Mean = 103.07 Mean = 100.37 Mean difference = 2.70 Study reported = 0.18 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.09
TERA-2
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 333 children Mean = 106.12 Mean = 105.58 Mean difference = 0.54 Study reported = 0.04 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.72
Bracken Basic Concept Scale composite
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 336 children Mean = 113.47 Mean = 112.23 Mean difference = 1.24 Study reported = 0.07 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.51
Mastery Motivation – Task Competence
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 319 children Mean = 847.98 Mean = 841.74 Mean difference = 6.24 Study reported = 0.20 Statistically significant,
p = 0.05
Mastery Motivation – Task Persistence
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 318 children Mean = 17.30 Mean = 16.49 Mean difference = 0.81 Study reported = 0.20 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.07
Mastery Motivation – Task Pleasure
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
36 month Ohio sample 319 children Mean = 0.51 Mean = 0.52 Mean difference = -0.01 Study reported = -0.03 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.71
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
Q-Sort Security of Attachment
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
18 month Ohio sample 364 children Mean = 34.43 Mean = 35.46 Mean difference = -1.03 Study reported = -0.05 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.64
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Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors.
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HomVEE reversed the sign of this effect size because the treatment group mean was less than the control group mean.
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
BSID Mental Development Index (in normal range)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 184 children % = 67.60 % = 69.60 = -2.00 Study reported = -0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
BSID Mental Development Index (mean)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 184 children Mean = 91.00 Mean = 92.20 Mean difference = -1.20 Study reported = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
BSID Physical Development Index (in normal range)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 184 children % = 85.70 % = 79.80 = 5.90 Study reported = 0.16 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
BSID Physical Development Index (mean)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 184 children Mean = 99.80 Mean = 98.40 Mean difference = 1.40 Study reported = 0.12 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Cognitive Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children % = 68.60 % = 67.70 = 0.90 Study reported = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Cognitive Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children % = 44.80 % = 41.20 = 3.60 Study reported = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Cognitive Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children Mean = 1.80 Mean = 1.80 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Cognitive Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children Mean = -0.50 Mean = -1.10 Mean difference = 0.60 Study reported = 0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Communication Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children % = 82.70 % = 74.80 = 7.90 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
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In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

DPII Communication Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children % = 78.60 % = 77.10 = 1.50 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Communication Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children Mean = 4.30 Mean = 4.40 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Communication Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children Mean = 5.40 Mean = 5.30 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Physical Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children % = 86.40 % = 85.20 = 1.20 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Physical Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children % = 78.10 % = 79.10 = -1.00 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Physical Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children Mean = 4.60 Mean = 4.60 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Physical Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children Mean = 3.90 Mean = 3.70 Mean difference = 0.20 Study reported = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Self-Help Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children % = 96.40 % = 95.50 = 0.90 Study reported = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Self-Help Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children % = 92.90 % = 90.80 = 2.10 Study reported = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Self-Help Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children Mean = 7.30 Mean = 7.40 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Self-Help Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children Mean = 13.00 Mean = 10.80 Mean difference = 2.20 Study reported = 0.25 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
DPII Social Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children % = 91.60 % = 93.20 = -1.60 Study reported = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII Social Development Scale (at or above chronological age)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children % = 83.30 % = 73.90 = 9.40 Study reported = 0.23 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
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In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

DPII Social Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Northern California sample 375 children Mean = 4.70 Mean = 5.80 Mean difference = -1.10 Study reported = -0.24 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
DPII Social Development Scale (mean months differential)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 363 children Mean = 7.40 Mean = 5.90 Mean difference = 1.50 Study reported = 0.17 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
PPVT ator above chronological age
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 320 children % = 50.00 % = 49.20 = 0.80 Study reported = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
PPVT mean months differential
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 year Northern California sample 320 children Mean = 0.30 Mean = -0.20 Mean difference = 0.50 Study reported = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Findings rated moderate

Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Achievement-Kaufman ABC
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 24 children Unadjusted mean = 97.00 Unadjusted mean = 94.00 Mean difference = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.25 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Achievement-Kaufman ABC, % Below 90
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 24 children Unadjusted mean = 0.25 Unadjusted mean = 0.20 Mean difference = 0.05 HomVEE calculated = 0.17 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Fine Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 40 children Unadjusted mean = 0.30 Unadjusted mean = 0.50 Mean difference = -0.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.30 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Fine Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test, % Below Age Level
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 40 children Unadjusted mean = 0.25 Unadjusted mean = 0.40 Mean difference = -0.15 HomVEE calculated = -0.41 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Gross Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 40 children Unadjusted mean = 0.10 Unadjusted mean = 0.90 Mean difference = -0.80 HomVEE calculated = -0.77 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Gross Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test, % Below Age Level
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 40 children Unadjusted mean = 0.10 Unadjusted mean = 0.45 Mean difference = -0.35 HomVEE calculated = 1.05 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Language Acquisition Quotient-Zimmerman Preschool Language Scale
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 40 children Unadjusted mean = 107.00 Unadjusted mean = 100.00 Mean difference = 7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.57 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Language Acquisition Quotient-Zimmerman Preschool Language Scale, % Below Age Level
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 40 children Unadjusted mean = 0.30 Unadjusted mean = 0.65 Mean difference = -0.35 HomVEE calculated = -0.80 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Mental Processing-Kaufman ABC
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 24 children Unadjusted mean = 102.00 Unadjusted mean = 94.00 Mean difference = 8.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.62 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mental Processing-Kaufman ABC, % Below 90
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
4-5 years Binghamton, NY 24 children Unadjusted mean = 0.05 Unadjusted mean = 0.25 Mean difference = -0.20 HomVEE calculated = -1.27 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
DPII average months differential: cognitive development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2-year assessment Three-site sample 266 children Mean = 2.20 Mean = 2.40 Mean difference = -0.20 Study reported = -0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: communication development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2-year assessment Three-site sample 266 children Mean = 4.90 Mean = 4.50 Mean difference = 0.40 Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: physical development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2-year assessment Three-site sample 266 children Mean = 2.90 Mean = 3.00 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: self-help development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2-year assessment Three-site sample 266 children Mean = 6.10 Mean = 6.00 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: social development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2-year assessment Three-site sample 266 children Mean = 4.90 Mean = 4.90 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
ASBI score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2-year assessment Three-site sample 259 children Mean = 72.30 Mean = 70.80 Mean difference = 1.50 Study reported = 0.21 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
DPII average months differential: cognitive development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year Teen mothers sample 236 children Mean = 3.90 Mean = 3.60 Mean difference = 0.30 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: cognitive development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Teen mothers sample 196 children Mean = 2.60 Mean = 2.20 Mean difference = 0.40 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: communication development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year Teen mothers sample 236 children Mean = 2.60 Mean = 2.30 Mean difference = 0.30 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: communication development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Teen mothers sample 196 children Mean = 3.50 Mean = 3.20 Mean difference = 0.30 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: physical development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year Teen mothers sample 236 children Mean = 3.60 Mean = 3.80 Mean difference = -0.20 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: physical development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Teen mothers sample 196 children Mean = 5.60 Mean = 5.60 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: self-help
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year Teen mothers sample 236 children Mean = 2.70 Mean = 2.60 Mean difference = 0.10 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: self-help
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Teen mothers sample 196 children Mean = 9.00 Mean = 9.40 Mean difference = -0.40 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: social development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year Teen mothers sample 236 children Mean = 6.10 Mean = 6.60 Mean difference = -0.50 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
DPII average months differential: social development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 year Teen mothers sample 196 children Mean = 7.80 Mean = 6.80 Mean difference = 1.00 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Age in months when child first walked 6 steps unaided
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 206 mothers Unadjusted mean = 12.90 Unadjusted mean = 12.37 Mean difference = 0.53 HomVEE calculated = 0.24 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Behaviour Checklist
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 208 mothers Not available Not available Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Denver II Assessment, Fine Motor Delay
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 206 mothers Not available Not available Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Denver II Assessment, Gross Motor Delay
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 206 mothers Not available Not available Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Denver II Assessment, Language Delay
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 206 mothers Not available Not available Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Denver II Assessment, Personal Social Items
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 206 mothers Not available Not available Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Mental Processing Composite
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 158 mothers Unadjusted mean = 59.44 Unadjusted mean = 60.34 Mean difference = -0.90 HomVEE calculated = -0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Sequential Processing
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Dunedin sample 158 mothers Unadjusted mean = 22.14 Unadjusted mean = 23.00 Mean difference = -0.86 HomVEE calculated = -0.16 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Positive child behaviors - imaginative play episode, attending to help
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Whangarei 163 mothers Unadjusted mean = 2.00 Unadjusted mean = 2.45 Mean difference = -0.45 HomVEE calculated = -0.13 Not statistically significant, p = 0.41
Positive child behaviors - imaginative play episode, using information
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Whangarei 163 mothers Unadjusted mean = 1.99 Unadjusted mean = 2.18 Mean difference = -0.19 HomVEE calculated = -0.09 Not statistically significant, p = 0.58
Positive child behaviors - problem solving task, total
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
3 years Whangarei 129 mothers Unadjusted mean = 12.09 Unadjusted mean = 11.31 Mean difference = 0.78 HomVEE calculated = 0.11 Not statistically significant, p = 0.52
PAT - Baby FACE, an adaptation of PAT
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Boehm Test of Basic Concepts -3 Preschool, Total Score

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

67 families Adjusted mean = 26.84 Adjusted mean = 23.86 MD = 2.98 Study reported = 0.34

Not statistically significant, p = 0.09

Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-3 Preschool - Total Score

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

67 families Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available

Not statistically significant, p=0.050

Although authors do not report the effect size, they indicate the finding is significant and favorable. Covariates included child's birth, household poverty, intergenerational living arrangement, and frequency of English spoken to children.

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Attachment

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

2 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

66 families Adjusted mean = 26.63 Adjusted mean = 26.47 MD = 0.16 Study reported = 0.07

Not statistically significant, p = 0.69

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Attachment

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

68 families Adjusted mean = 26.37 Adjusted mean = 25.90 MD = 0.47 Study reported = 0.15

Not statistically significant, p = 0.26

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Behavioral concerns

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

2 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

66 families Adjusted mean = 11.06 Adjusted mean = 11.83 MD = -0.77 Study reported = -0.19

Not statistically significant, p = 0.22

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Behavioral concerns

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

68 families Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available

Statistically significant, p = 0.03

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Although authors do not report the effect size, they indicate the finding is significant and favorable. Covariates included child's birth, household poverty, intergenerational living arrangement, and frequency of English spoken to children.

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Behavioral concerns

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

68 families Adjusted mean = 10.73 Adjusted mean = 13.00 MD = -2.27 Study reported = -0.47

Not statistically significant, p = 0.56

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Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Initiative

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

2 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

66 families Adjusted mean = 32.03 Adjusted mean = 30.37 MD = 1.66 Study reported = 0.27

Not statistically significant, p = 0.56

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Initiative

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

68 families Adjusted mean = 32.35 Adjusted mean = 30.58 MD = 1.77 Study reported = 1.04

Not statistically significant, p = 0.19

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Self-control

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

2 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

66 families Adjusted mean = 20.26 Adjusted mean = 20.53 MD = -0.27 Study reported = -0.38

Not statistically significant, p = 0.82

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) - Self-control

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 years

RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision

68 families Adjusted mean = 20.42 Adjusted mean = 20.00 MD = 0.42 Study reported = 0.10

Not statistically significant, p = 0.35

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