footnote167
Authors report that significantly more program parents respond yes to the following item: Looking around his/her surroundings takes up much of a baby's day during the first month of life.
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Last updated: 2019
Effects shown in research & outcome measure details
Positive parenting practices
Findings rated high
262
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 6.40 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.28 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 4.60 | Mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 4.00 | Mean = 4.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 6.40 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.32 | Statistically significant, p < 0.001 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 6.60 | Mean = 6.50 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 6.70 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME language- and literacy-promoting behaviors | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.80 | Mean = 5.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 3.50 | Mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 10.00 | Mean = 10.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 9.90 | Mean = 9.80 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 36.60 | Mean = 37.20 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 36.20 | Mean = 36.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| KIDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 367 mothers | Mean = 0.65 | Mean = 0.65 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| KIDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 0.66 | Mean = 0.69 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 357 mothers | Mean = 27.20 | Mean = 27.00 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 341 mothers | Mean = 27.10 | Mean = 26.60 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting satisfaction subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 357 mothers | Mean = 24.60 | Mean = 25.20 | Mean difference = -0.06 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting satisfaction subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 341 mothers | Mean = 25.40 | Mean = 26.40 | Mean difference = -1.00 | Study reported = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 357 mothers | Mean = 51.80 | Mean = 52.20 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 341 mothers | Mean = 52.40 | Mean = 52.90 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Discipline (from HOME items) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.90 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.27 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Home mother-child interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.20 | Mean = 5.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Show outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
KIDI |
The KIDI measures the parent’s knowledge of childrearing practices and developmental processes. The researchers measured the percentage of items that were answered correctly on the 57-item assessment. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
PSOC Scale: Total score, Parenting satisfaction subscale, Parenting efficacy subscale |
The PSOC measures parent attitudes and self-efficacy. The researchers examined the total score and two subscale scores regarding parental, efficacy and satisfaction. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
HOME:
|
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The researchers examined the total score, as well as the following subscales: acceptance of child’s behavior, opportunity for stimulation, organization of the environment, parental involvement, parental responsivity, appropriate play materials, language promoting behaviors, mother-child interaction, and discipline. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
Findings rated moderate
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAPI average child maltreatment precursor scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 19.10 | Mean = 19.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| AAPI average child maltreatment precursor scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 18.30 | Mean = 18.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 6.00 | Mean = 6.20 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 6.00 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 7.90 | Mean = 7.40 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 4.10 | Mean = 4.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 5.00 | Mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 3.70 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 5.30 | Mean = 5.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 6.80 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.60 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subcale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 9.40 | Mean = 9.30 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME subscale related to language- and literacy-promoting behaviors (range = 0 to 8) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 5.50 | Mean = 5.30 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME subscale related to language- and literacy-promoting behaviors (range = 0 to 8) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 6.50 | Mean = 6.10 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME subscale: parental responsivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 8.50 | Mean = 8.50 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale (range = 0 to 45) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 34.10 | Mean = 34.20 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 |
| HOME total scale (range = 0 to 45) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 37.70 | Mean = 36.40 | Mean difference = 1.30 | Study reported = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| NCAST, total scale score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 52.60 | Mean = 52.90 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.41 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale (range = 8 to 32) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 28.60 | Mean = 28.80 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale (range = 8 to 32) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 28.70 | Mean = 28.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC satisfaction subscale (range = 9 to 36) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 25.90 | Mean = 26.80 | Mean difference = -0.90 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC satisfaction subscale (range = 9 to 36) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 25.50 | Mean = 25.70 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total scale (range = 17 to 68) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 54.40 | Mean = 55.60 | Mean difference = -1.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total scale (range = 17 to 68) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 54.20 | Mean = 54.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Language literacy numeracy promotion scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 19.00 | Mean = 18.50 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Language literacy numeracy promotion scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 20.00 | Mean = 19.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent Observation Scale (range 1 to 4; 4 = more observant) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 340 mothers | Mean = 3.70 | Mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent Observation Scale (range 1 to 4; 4 = more observant) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 3.80 | Mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent reads books with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 327 mothers | Mean = 3.00 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent reads books with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 261 mothers | Mean = 3.20 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent talks to/asks child questions during reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 327 mothers | Mean = 3.30 | Mean = 3.10 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent talks to/asks child questions during reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 261 mothers | Mean = 3.60 | Mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent tell stories sings with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent tell stories sings with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge all items (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 78.80 | Mean % = 80.00 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge all items (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 77.70 | Mean % = 75.90 | Mean difference = 1.80 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge child care and safety (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 84.00 | Mean % = 85.50 | Mean difference = -1.50 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge child care and safety (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 74.30 | Mean % = 74.60 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge discipline (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 84.80 | Mean % = 85.20 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge discipline (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 75.40 | Mean % = 75.80 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge emotional development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 75.50 | Mean % = 77.90 | Mean difference = -2.40 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge emotional development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 79.80 | Mean % = 75.10 | Mean difference = 4.70 | Study reported = 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge general child development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 82.40 | Mean % = 80.30 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge general child development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 74.00 | Mean % = 71.90 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge language/cognitive development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 70.70 | Mean % = 73.90 | Mean difference = -3.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge language/cognitive development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 79.90 | Mean % = 78.70 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| While doing everyday things parent counts things or uses numbers with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.10 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| While doing everyday things parent counts things or uses numbers with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| While doing everyday things parent reads aloud to child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 2.80 | Mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Show outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
KIDI:
|
The KIDI measures the parent’s knowledge of childrearing practices and developmental processes. In addition to the total score, the researchers examined subscales about general child development, language/cognitive development, emotional development, and discipline. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
NCAST: Total score |
The NCAST assesses the quality of teaching interaction between caregivers and young children. Mothers were assessed while introducing a new toy to their child. Areas of assessment included cue-giving and responsiveness to cues of both the parents and children. | Observation | Not reported by author |
|
PSOC: Total score, Parenting efficacy, Satisfaction |
The PSOC measures parent attitudes and self-efficacy. The researchers analyzed the total score and scores on the two subscales: parent satisfaction and parent efficacy. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
AAPI: Average CMPS score |
The CMPS from the AAPI assesses attitudes toward disciplining children that have been shown to, correlate with later abusive behaviors toward them. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
HOME:
|
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The researchers examined the total score, as well as subscales related to parental responsivity, acceptance of child's behavior, provision of appropriate play materials,, organization of the child’s environment, parental involvement with children, and the opportunities provided for daily stimulation. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
|
Language, literacy, numeracy promotion scale
|
A 6-item measure of direct parent-child verbal interactions that encourage children’s language development, literacy, and numeracy. Each question was answered on a 4-point scale, with 4 being the most positive response. An overall scale was formed by summing the values on these six items. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Parent Observation Scale |
A scale of parent observations skills ranging from 1 to 4, with 4 being the most observant | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 7.60 | Mean = 7.20 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 7.60 | Mean = 8.00 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 5.00 | Mean = 4.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 4.70 | Mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 3.50 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 4.00 | Mean = 3.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 5.60 | Mean = 5.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 6.10 | Mean = 6.00 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 6.30 | Mean = 6.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 9.90 | Mean = 9.40 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 9.80 | Mean = 9.90 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 37.60 | Mean = 36.20 | Mean difference = 1.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 38.00 | Mean = 38.50 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Show outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
HOME:
|
The HOME assesses parenting practices and aspects of the home environment. The researchers examined the total score, as well as subscales related to parental responsivity, acceptance of child's behavior, provision of appropriate play materials, organization of the child’s environment, parental involvement with children, and the opportunities provided for daily stimulation. | Parent/caregiver interview and observational assessment | Not reported by author |
PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME Questionnaire, Overall | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 207 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Disruption of plans | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.04 | Unadjusted % = 0.04 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Disruption of relationship with partner | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.10 | Unadjusted % = 0.15 | Mean difference = -0.05 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.28 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Significant Concern | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.18 | Unadjusted % = 0.14 | Mean difference = 0.04 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Social Concern | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.21 | Unadjusted % = 0.25 | Mean difference = -0.04 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parents as Teachers Questionnaire, Overall | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Total number of activities | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 27.64 | Unadjusted mean = 27.27 | Mean difference = 0.37 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote166Authors report that significantly more program children play fantasy games. |
| Total number of experiences | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 18.93 | Unadjusted mean = 18.79 | Mean difference = 0.14 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Video Session, Parent-Child Interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 155 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 26.78 | Unadjusted mean = 30.97 | Mean difference = -4.19 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote168Authors report significant differences on several items: &#8220;Book chosen by,&#8221; &#8220;Motivation,&#8221; &#8220;Attention maintained,&#8221; &#8220;Attending to help,&#8221; and &#8220;Using information.&#8221; |
Show outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
HOME Questionnaire, Overall |
The Home Observation forMeasurement of theEnvironment (HOME)Questionnaire was designed to rate family interaction/reactionary behaviors and non-interactive behaviors, especially between the main caregiver and the child. |
Observational Assessment |
Not reported by authors |
|
Parental Concerns, Disruption of plans |
Number/percentage of parents who reported caring for their child had disrupted their personal plans |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Parental Concerns, Disruption of relationship with partner |
Number/percentage of parents who reported caring for their child had disrupted their relationship with their partner |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Parental Concerns, Significant Concern |
Number/percentage of parents who had a significant concern about caring for their child |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Parental Concerns, Social Concern |
Number/percentage of parents who had a social concern about caring for their child |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Parents as Teachers Questionnaire, Overall |
The Parents as Teachers Questionnaire was designed to assess parental knowledge of child health and development. |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not reported by authors |
|
Total number of activities |
Mean total number of activities children experienced at home within six months prior to the parental interview |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Total number of experiences |
Mean total number of children's experiences out of the home |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not applicable |
|
Video Session, Parent-Child Interaction |
Parent-child interactions were video recorded and scored by researchers. |
Videotaped observation |
Not reported by authors |
PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive caregiver behaviors - imaginative play episode, responding to child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Whangarei | 143 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.75 | Unadjusted mean = 4.29 | Mean difference = -0.54 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.25 |
Show outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive caregiver behaviors - imaginative play episode, responding to child |
Mean number of times caregiver responded to their child's initiative during interactive play |
Videotaped observation |
Not applicable |
Bureau of Indian Affairs’ Baby Family and Child Education Program (Baby FACE)
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of home literacy activity |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
67 families | Adjusted mean = 60.08 | Adjusted mean = 55.45 | MD = 4.63 | = 0.64 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 |
Hours parent reads to child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
67 families | Adjusted mean = 64.00 | Adjusted mean = 33.73 | MD = 30.27 | = 0.49 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Protective Factors Survey - Nurturing and Attachment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
66 families | Adjusted mean = 27.06 | Adjusted mean = 26.87 | MD = 0.19 | = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.55 |
Protective Factors Survey - Nurturing and Attachment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
68 families | Adjusted mean = 26.87 | Adjusted mean = 26.70 | MD = 0.17 | = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
Protective Factors Survey - Parent's Child Development Knowledge |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
66 families | Adjusted mean = 30.43 | Adjusted mean = 29.57 | MD = 0.86 | = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.21 |
Protective Factors Survey - Parent's Child Development Knowledge |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
68 families | Adjusted mean = 31.11 | Adjusted mean = 30.03 | MD = 1.08 | = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.13 |
Show outcome measure summary
| Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of home literacy activity |
A list of 14 literacy activities rated on a 5-point scale from rarely/never to daily/several times a day |
Parent report |
Cronbach's alpha is .88 |
|
Hours parent reads to child, RCT |
Hours read to child |
Parent report |
Not applicable |
|
Protective Factors Survey - Nurturing and Attachment |
The Protective Factors Survey is a self-administered survey with five subscales: family functioning/resiliency, social support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and child development knowledge. |
Parent report |
Cronbach's alpha is .78 |
|
Protective Factors Survey - Parent's Child Development Knowledge |
The Protective Factors Survey is a self-administered survey with five subscales: family functioning/resiliency, social support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and child development knowledge. |
Parent report |
Cronbach's alpha is .69 |