ParentChild+® Core Model

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019

Effects shown in research

To see details on each finding HomVEE reviewed in well-designed research, click on the name of an outcome domain.

Effects shown in research

Child development and school readiness

Findings rated high

ParentChild+® Core Model
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Day Night Task
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 136 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.18 Not statistically significant, p = 0.29
Preschool Language Scale Fourth Edition (PLS-4) - Auditory
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 133 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.38 Statistically significant, p = 0.03
Preschool Language Scale Fourth Edition (PLS-4) - Total
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 127 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.37 Statistically significant, p = 0.04
ParentChild+® Core Model
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Day Night Task (adjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 147 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.23 Not statistically significant, p = 0.16

footnote449

Submitted by nwu on

Effect size is a Cohen's d.
Tower Clean Up Task Duration (adjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 126 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p = 0.67

footnote449

Submitted by nwu on

Effect size is a Cohen's d.
ParentChild+® Core Model
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
PPVT
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 Post-program 1973 – 1975 cohorts 111 children Mean = 91.60 Mean = 91.28 Mean difference = 0.32 HomVEE calculated = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
PPVT
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 Post-program 1973 – 1974 cohorts 82 children Mean = 89.48 Mean = 90.36 MD = -0.88 HomVEE calculated = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Stanford-Binet
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 Post-program 1973 – 1976 cohorts 166 children Mean = 104.05 Mean = 103.54 Mean difference = 0.51 HomVEE calculated = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Findings rated moderate

ParentChild+® Core Model
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ: SE) (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 112 children Unadjusted mean = -0.11 Unadjusted mean = 0.00 MD = -0.11 Study reported = -0.11 Not statistically significant, p = 0.56
Day Night Task (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 149 children Unadjusted mean = 12.16 Unadjusted mean = 10.58 MD = 1.58 HomVEE calculated = 0.18 Not statistically significant, p = 0.29
Preschool Language Scale Fourth Edition (PLS-4) - Auditory (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 144 children Unadjusted mean = 95.27 Unadjusted mean = 91.80 MD = 3.47 HomVEE calculated = 0.29 Not statistically significant, p = 0.09
Preschool Language Scale Fourth Edition (PLS-4) - Expressive (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 144 children Unadjusted mean = 98.39 Unadjusted mean = 95.13 MD = 3.26 Study reported = 0.21 Not statistically significant, p = 0.21
Preschool Language Scale Fourth Edition (PLS-4) - Total (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 141 children Unadjusted mean = 96.89 Unadjusted mean = 92.46 MD = 4.43 HomVEE calculated = 0.32 Not statistically significant, p = 0.06
Tower Clean Up Task Duration (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 127 children Unadjusted mean = 57.66 Unadjusted mean = 51.89 MD = 5.77 HomVEE calculated = 0.20 Not statistically significant, p = 0.27
Tower Clean Up Task Time to Start (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 142 children Unadjusted mean = 14.92 Unadjusted mean = 14.62 MD = 0.30 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p = 0.95
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Positive parenting practices

Findings rated high

ParentChild+® Core Model
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Parent as a Teacher Inventory (PAAT) - Total
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 144 parents Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p = 0.64
ParentChild+® Core Model
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Maternal Interactive Behavior
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 Post-program 1973 – 1976 cohorts 114 mothers Mean = 282.38 Mean = 185.95 Mean difference = 96.43 HomVEE calculated = 0.96 Statistically significant, p < 0.05

Findings rated moderate

ParentChild+® Core Model
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Parent as a Teacher Total (PAAT) (unadjusted)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
 24 months ParentChild+ vs. comparison, northeastern U.S., Study 2 full sample 150 parents Unadjusted mean = 137.71 Unadjusted mean = 136.97 MD = 0.74 HomVEE calculated = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p = 0.58
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In brief

Evidence of model effectiveness

Title General population Tribal population Domains with favorable effects
ParentChild+® Core Model Does not meet HHS criteria because the findings from high- or moderate-rated effectiveness studies of the model do not meet all required criteria. Does not meet HHS criteria for tribal population because the model has not been evaluated with a tribal population.
  • Child development and school readiness,
  • Positive parenting practices,

16

ParentChild+ (formerly the Parent-Child Home Program) focuses on promoting children’s social-emotional development and cognitive competencies by increasing and enhancing the quantity and quality of caregiver-child verbal and non-verbal interaction. ParentChild+ can be used one-on-one with parents and with family child care providers responsible for group care. The HomVEE review is based on the ParentChild+ Core Model, the version of ParentChild+ used with parents in the home. The ParentChild+ Core Model is designed for families with 2- to 3-year-old children and a variety of risk factors—such as parents with low levels of education and teen mothers. Families participate in 92 home visits over 46 weeks. The 46-week program is divided into two cycles of twice weekly visits over 23 weeks each to provide program sites flexibility in terms of how they implement the entire 46 weeks of programming. Home visitors model behaviors for enhancing children’s development, rather than directly instructing parents, and provide books, toys, and activities for parents to use with their children. Home visitors also provide referrals to social supports and educational services.

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39

Results of search and review
Number of manuscripts
At least one finding was eligible for review…
16
  …and at least one finding rated high
3
  …and at least one finding rated moderate (but none rated high)
0
  …and all findings that were eligible for review rated low or indeterminate2
9
  …but manuscript is additional source3
4

1When an individual manuscript reports findings from multiple studies, HomVEE reviews each study as a distinct manuscript. In these rare instances, HomVEE counts that manuscript multiple times in this table, once for each study identified, screened, and reviewed by HomVEE.

2Manuscripts that receive a rating of indeterminate have findings that may rate moderate or high in response to additional information from the author. The indeterminate rating was applied to manuscripts beginning with the 2023 review.

3Additional sources have findings or details that perfectly overlap with another manuscript and are not rated.

For more information, see the research database. For more information on the criteria used to rate research, please see details of HomVEE’s methods and standards.

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103

To see details on each finding HomVEE reviewed in well-designed research, click on the name of an outcome domain in the tables below. Findings rated low quality by HomVEE are not summarized here.

Outcomes
Findings

Outcome Child Development and School Readiness

Findings:
Favorable: 2
No effect: 13
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

Outcome Child Health

Not measured

Outcome Family Economic Self-Sufficiency

Not measured

Outcome Linkages and Referrals

Not measured

Outcome Maternal Health

Not measured

Outcome Positive Parenting Practices

Findings:
Favorable: 1
No effect: 2
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

Outcome Reductions in Child Maltreatment

Not measured

Outcome Reductions in Juvenile Delinquency, Family Violence, and Crime

Not measured

The section above focuses on findings from the full sample in a study. Subgroups that have been replicated in distinct samples also have findings reported above. HomVEE does not report the findings of non-replicated subgroups. Beginning with research reviewed in 2021, however, HomVEE lists those subgroups on the details page of each manuscript that had at least one finding that rated moderate or high.

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29

Information based on comprehensive review of all high- and moderate-rated manuscripts
CriterionCriterion descriptionCriterion met?
1High- or moderate-quality impact study?Yes
2Across high- or moderate-quality studies, favorable impacts in at least two outcome domains within one sample OR the same domain for at least two non-overlapping samples?No
3Favorable impacts on full sample?Yes
4Any favorable impacts on outcome measures sustained at least 12 months after model enrollment?
Reported for all research but only required for RCTs.		Yes
5One or more favorable, statistically significant impact reported in a peer-reviewed journal?
Reported for all research but only required for RCTs.		Yes

Notes: If the model does not meet criterion 3 but meets criteria 1 and 2 based on findings from subgroups, the impacts must be replicated in the same domain in two or more studies using non-overlapping analytic study samples. HomVEE assesses and reports criteria 4 and 5 for all models that have well-designed research, but meeting those two criteria is only required of models for which all findings are from randomized controlled trials. Please read the HHS criteria for evidence-based models for more information.

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