Healthy Families America (HFA)® Meets HHS Criteria

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2020

Effects shown in research

Reductions in child maltreatment

Findings rated high

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
No ER visits due to injuries
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Child age 2 Families with complete medical record data, Alaska trial 268 children % = 19.00 % = 22.00 OR = 0.81 HomVEE calculated = -0.11 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
No hospitalizations due to injuries
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Child age 2 Families with complete medical record data, Alaska trial 268 children % = 63.00 % = 58.00 OR = 1.20 HomVEE calculated = 0.13 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
No injuries requiring medical care
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Child age 2 Families with complete medical record data, Alaska trial 268 children % = 71.00 % = 68.00 OR = 1.10 HomVEE calculated = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 20.00 % = 22.00 = -2.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Statistical significance not reported
Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 35.00 % = 35.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 42.00 % = 44.00 = -2.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.05 Statistical significance not reported
Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 0.90 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 58.00 % = 57.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.02 Not available
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 75.00 % = 74.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.03 Statistical significance not reported
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 77.00 % = 75.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Statistical significance not reported
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 1.07 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 76.00 % = 83.00 = -7.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.26 Statistical significance not reported
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 90.00 % = 94.00 = -4.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.34 Statistical significance not reported
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 92.00 % = 95.00 = -3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.30 Statistical significance not reported
Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 0.59 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 1.00 % = 1.00 = 0.00 Study reported = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 4.00 % = 4.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 4.00 % = 2.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.43 Statistical significance not reported
Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 1.26 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Hitting with an object (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 9.00 % = 8.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.08 Statistical significance not reported
Hitting with an object (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 22.00 % = 20.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Statistical significance not reported
Hitting with an object (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 28.00 % = 22.00 = -6.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.19 Statistical significance not reported
Hitting with an object (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 1.22 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Hospitalizations for trauma
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 573 children % = 1.50 % = 1.70 = 0.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Statistical significance not reported
Minor physical assault (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 68.00 % = 70.00 = -2.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.06 Statistical significance not reported
Minor physical assault (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 86.00 % = 85.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.05 Statistical significance not reported
Minor physical assault (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 86.00 % = 86.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Minor physical assault (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 0.90 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 22.00 % = 30.00 = -8.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.25 Statistical significance not reported
Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 23.00 % = 28.00 = -5.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.16 Statistical significance not reported
Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 22.00 % = 27.00 = -5.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.16 Statistical significance not reported
Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 0.72 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 24.00 % = 32.00 = -8.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.24 Statistical significance not reported
Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 27.00 % = 26.00 = 1.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.03 Statistical significance not reported
Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 26.00 % = 29.00 = -7.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.09 Statistical significance not reported
Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 0.80 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 98.00 % = 99.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.43 Statistical significance not reported
Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 100.00 % = 100.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 100.00 % = 100.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Mean = 33.00 Mean = 30.90 Mean difference = 2.10 Not available Statistical significance not reported
Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers Mean = 45.70 Mean = 42.40 Mean difference = 3.30 Not available Statistical significance not reported
Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers Mean = 47.00 Mean = 46.10 Mean difference = 0.90 Not available Statistical significance not reported
Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available Mean difference = 1.80 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 69.00 % = 74.00 = -5.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
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Sample size is the largest reported across the time period.
Psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 86.00 % = 88.00 = -2.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.11 Statistical significance not reported
Psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 88.00 % = 89.00 = -2.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.06 Statistical significance not reported
Psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 0.76 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
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Sample size is the largest reported across the time period.
Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 6.00 % = 4.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.26 Statistical significance not reported
Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 14.00 % = 15.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.05 Statistical significance not reported
Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 541 mothers % = 22.00 % = 15.00 = 7.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.28 Statistical significance not reported
Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1-3 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers Not available Not available OR = 1.30 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Shook child (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 558 mothers % = 6.00 % = 6.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Shook child (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 549 mothers % = 6.00 % = 6.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Statistical significance not reported
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Biological mother confirmed subject—neglect, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean % = 22.96 Adjusted mean % = 20.68 OR = 1.14 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Biological mother confirmed subject—physical abuse, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean % = 4.47 Adjusted mean % = 4.24 OR = 1.06 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Biological mother confirmed subject—sexual abuse, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Mean % = 0.00 Mean % = 0.70 OR = 0.00 Not available Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Biological mother confirmed subject, cumulative number
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.42 Adjusted mean = 0.42 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Biological mother or target child confirmed subject or victim of CPS report, cumulative number
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.54 Adjusted mean = 0.55 Mean difference = -0.01 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Biological mother or target child confirmed subject or victim of CPS report, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean % = 29.55 Adjusted mean % = 27.10 OR = 1.13 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Foster care placement—target child, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean % = 4.83 Adjusted mean % = 4.90 OR = 0.99 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor physical aggression frequency(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean = 4.36 Adjusted mean = 4.51 Mean difference = -0.15 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor physical aggression prevalence(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean % = 64.12 Adjusted mean % = 59.17 OR = 1.25 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglect frequency(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.53 Adjusted mean = 0.64 Mean difference = -0.11 Study reported = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglect prevalence(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean % = 15.77 Adjusted mean % = 16.74 OR = 0.93 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Non-violent discipline frequency(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean = 49.27 Adjusted mean = 45.27 Mean difference = 4.00 Study reported = 0.14 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Non-violent discipline prevalence)(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Unadjusted mean % = 100.00 Unadjusted mean % = 98.60 Mean difference = 1.40 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression frequency(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean = 15.33 Adjusted mean = 15.21 Mean difference = 0.12 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression prevalence(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean % = 87.92 Adjusted mean % = 86.49 OR = 1.18 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Serious physical abuse frequency(CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.03 Adjusted mean = 0.15 Mean difference = -0.12 Study reported = -0.20 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Serious physical aggressionprevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 897 mothers Adjusted mean % = 1.76 Adjusted mean % = 3.18 OR = 0.55 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Target child confirmed victim—neglect, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean % = 24.29 Adjusted mean % = 22.95 OR = 1.08 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Target child confirmed victim—physical abuse, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean % = 4.09 Adjusted mean % = 3.05 OR = 1.36 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Target child confirmed victim—sexual abuse, cumulative rate
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Mean % = 0.20 Mean % = 0.70 OR = 0.26 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Target child confirmed victim, cumulative number
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
7 year New York sample 1173 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.39 Adjusted mean = 0.41 Mean difference = -0.02 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Frequency of harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 1.21 Adjusted mean = 1.81 Mean difference = -0.60 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Frequency of harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = -0.37 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of minor physical aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 2.40 Adjusted mean = 3.46 Mean difference = -1.06 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Frequency of minor physical aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = -0.19 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 0.21 Adjusted mean = 0.21 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = -0.24 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 3.34 Adjusted mean = 4.74 Mean difference = -1.40 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Frequency of psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = -0.47 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = -0.26 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = 0.03 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 0.01 Adjusted mean = 0.01 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Frequency of serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = -0.03 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Frequency of very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 0.01 Adjusted mean = 0.08 Mean difference = -0.07 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Frequency of very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 32.67 Adjusted mean % = 36.12 = -3.45 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 53.12 Adjusted mean % = 54.58 = -1.46 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor physical aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 64.50 Adjusted mean % = 64.55 = -0.05 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor physical aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 39.60 Adjusted mean % = 44.42 = -4.82 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 5.52 Adjusted mean % = 8.27 = -2.75 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 8.09 Adjusted mean % = 7.18 = 0.91 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of substantiated abuse or neglect reports
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families Adjusted mean = 0.09 Adjusted mean = 0.07 Mean difference = 0.02 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of substantiated abuse or neglect reports
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families Adjusted mean = 0.27 Adjusted mean = 0.53 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 51.18 Adjusted mean % = 56.13 = -4.95 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 76.44 Adjusted mean % = 77.74 = -1.30 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 5.67 Adjusted mean % = 7.28 = -1.61 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 6.78 Adjusted mean % = 7.83 = -1.05 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 0.85 % = 0.81 = 0.04 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 0.60 Adjusted mean % = 1.21 = -0.61 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated abuse or neglect report
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 7.90 Adjusted mean % = 5.98 = 1.92 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated abuse or neglect report
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 5.08 Adjusted mean % = 4.80 = 0.28 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1060 families % (adjusted) = 0.93 Adjusted mean % = 1.33 = -0.40 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Full sample, NY Trial 992 families % (adjusted) = 2.62 Adjusted mean % = 2.85 = -0.23 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Number of days in out-of-home care, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted mean = 15.21 Unadjusted mean = 12.74 Mean difference = 2.47 Not available Not reported
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Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Number of substantiated abuse allegations, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted mean = 0.01 Unadjusted mean = 0.01 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not reported
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Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Number of substantiated maltreatment reports, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted mean = 0.07 Unadjusted mean = 0.07 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not reported
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Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Number of substantiated neglect allegations, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted mean = 0.07 Unadjusted mean = 0.07 Mean difference = 0.00 Not available Not reported
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Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Percentage with at least one out-of-home placement, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 Unadjusted proportion = 0.03 Mean difference = 0.01 HomVEE calculated = 0.10 Statistically significant, p = 0.01
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Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Percentage with at least one substantiated maltreatment report, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Mean difference = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p = 0.41
Submitted by user on
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Percentage with at least one substantiated neglect report, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Mean difference = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p = 0.40
Submitted by user on
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Percentage with at least one substantiated physical or sexual abuse report, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
2 years Oregon, 2010-2012 2707 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.01 Unadjusted proportion = 0.01 Mean difference = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.29 Statistically significant, p = 0.00
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Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Any neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, San Diego trial 422 families % = 24.00 % = 22.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Any neglect (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, San Diego trial 382 families % = 18.00 % = 21.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.12 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mild physical assault frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, San Diego trial 422 families Mean = 2.10 Mean = 2.30 Mean difference = -0.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mild physical assault frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, San Diego trial 382 families Mean = 3.40 Mean = 4.60 Mean difference = -1.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.29 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Mild physical assault prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, San Diego trial 422 families % = 51.00 % = 54.00 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mild physical assault prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, San Diego trial 382 families % = 70.00 % = 78.00 = -8.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.25 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Physical abuse frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, San Diego trial 422 families Mean = 0.17 Mean = 0.26 Mean difference = -0.09 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Physical abuse frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, San Diego trial 382 families Mean = 0.13 Mean = 0.46 Mean difference = -0.33 HomVEE calculated = -0.20 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Physical abuse prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, San Diego trial 382 families % = 5.00 % = 10.00 = -5.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.45 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Physical abuse prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, San Diego trial 422 families % = 6.00 % = 10.00 = -4.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.34 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, San Diego trial 422 families Mean = 2.70 Mean = 3.20 Mean difference = -0.50 HomVEE calculated = -0.14 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, San Diego trial 382 families Mean = 4.80 Mean = 6.00 Mean difference = -1.20 HomVEE calculated = -0.27 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Psychological aggression prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, San Diego trial 422 families % = 59.00 % = 63.00 = 4.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression prevalence (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 3 Full sample, San Diego trial 382 families % = 79.00 % = 85.00 = 6.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.25 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Substantiated CPS reports
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Georgia trial 249 families % = 6.90 % = 5.00 = 1.90 HomVEE calculated = 0.20 Statistical significance not reported
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Ever had injury needing medical care
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, Hawaii trial 564 children % = 9.00 % = 11.00 = -2.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.14 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Ever had injury needing medical care
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Years 1 and 2 Full sample, Hawaii trial 534 children % = 22.00 % = 24.00 = -2.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Common corporal punishment (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 19.48 Adjusted mean = 24.17 Mean difference = -4.69 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Common corporal punishment (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 91.00 % = 92.00 OR = 0.80 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Corporal/verbal punishment (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 66.00 % = 68.00 OR = 0.92 HomVEE calculated = -0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Corporal/verbal punishment Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 4.02 Adjusted mean = 4.57 Mean difference = -0.55 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Extreme physical punishment (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 2.00 % = 3.00 OR = 0.75 HomVEE calculated = -0.25 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Extreme physical punishment Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.19 Adjusted mean = 0.04 Mean difference = 0.15 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Hit with object (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 10.00 % = 5.00 OR = 2.40 HomVEE calculated = 0.45 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Hit with object Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.33 Adjusted mean = 0.46 Mean difference = -0.13 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mild physical assault (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 80.00 % = 85.00 OR = 0.70 HomVEE calculated = -0.21 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mild physical assault Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 9.56 Adjusted mean = 11.93 Mean difference = -2.38 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Neglectful behavior (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 19.00 % = 22.00 OR = 0.81 HomVEE calculated = -0.11 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglectful behavior Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.92 Adjusted mean = 0.75 Mean difference = 0.16 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglectful behavior revised (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 18.00 % = 18.00 OR = 0.97 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Neglectful behavior revised Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.65 Adjusted mean = 0.66 Mean difference = -0.01 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 84.00 % = 83.00 OR = 1.10 HomVEE calculated = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Psychological aggression Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 11.17 Adjusted mean = 13.09 Mean difference = -1.92 Not available Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Severe assault Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.41 Adjusted mean = 0.30 Mean difference = 0.10 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Severe assault (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 9.00 % = 7.00 OR = 1.28 HomVEE calculated = 0.17 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated CPS reports, all types
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Child age 1 Full sample, Alaska trial 309 families % = 12.00 % = 10.00 = 2.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.12 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated CPS reports, all types
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Child age 2 Full sample, Alaska trial 297 families % = 9.00 % = 9.00 = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated CPS reports, neglect
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Child age 1 Full sample, Alaska trial 309 families % = 10.00 % = 6.00 = 4.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.34 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated CPS reports, neglect
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Child age 2 Full sample, Alaska trial 297 families % = 6.00 % = 7.00 = -1.00 HomVEE calculated = -0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Threat to esteem (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers % = 24.00 % = 22.00 OR = 1.17 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Threat to esteem Frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial 246 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.95 Adjusted mean = 0.64 Mean difference = 0.31 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Findings rated moderate

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Use of mild physical strategies, frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial 249 mothers Adjusted mean = 4.00 Adjusted mean = 4.60 Mean difference = -0.50 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Use of nonviolent disciplinary strategies, frequency (CTS-PC)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 2 Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial 249 mothers Adjusted mean = 50.40 Adjusted mean = 50.50 Mean difference = -0.05 Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Permanent custody loss

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

8 years

HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample

408 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.03 Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 Mean difference = 0.01 HomVEE calculated = 0.17

Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Substantiated child maltreatment reports

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

8 years

HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample

408 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.36 Unadjusted proportion = 0.39 Mean difference = -0.03 HomVEE calculated = -0.09

Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: any type of maltreatment (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: neglect and physical abuse (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: neglect only (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: physical abuse only (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: total substantiations (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: any type of maltreatment (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: neglect and physical abuse (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: neglect only (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: physical abuse only (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: total substantiations (DCF reports) - Impact sample
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
1 year post-enrollment HFM Impact sample Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Spanked child
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
12 months HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample 165 mothers Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.23 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Authors report a positive effect as a reduction in violence.

Threatened child
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
12 months HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample 165 mothers Not reported Not reported Not reported Study reported = 0.21 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Authors report a positive effect as a reduction in violence.

Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
ER visits due to injury or ingestion
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
Year 1 Full sample, NY Trial 1061 children % = 3.80 % = 6.20 = -2.40 HomVEE calculated = -0.31 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance
Substantiated maltreatment (administrative data)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
within 27 months post-enrollment MA sample 690 children Not reported Not reported OR = 0.88 HomVEE calculated = -0.08 Not statistically significant, p = 0.59
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