Negative effect is favorable
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Last updated: 2020
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above threshold for depression (CES-D = 16) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | % = 39.00 | % = 42.00 | = -3.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Above threshold for depression (CES-D = 16) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | % = 33.00 | % = 29.00 | = 4.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Confidence in adult relationships | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 33.40 | Mean = 33.80 | Mean difference = -0.40 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Confidence in adult relationships | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 33.70 | Mean = 33.80 | Mean difference = -0.10 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 14.50 | Mean = 15.50 | Mean difference = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 12.50 | Mean = 12.90 | Mean difference = -0.40 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Drinks per day | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 2.50 | Mean = 2.30 | Mean difference = 0.20 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Drinks per day | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 2.10 | Mean = 2.40 | Mean difference = -0.30 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Maternal social support (MHI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 18.60 | Mean = 19.10 | Mean difference = -0.50 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Mental Health (MHI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 22.90 | Mean = 22.20 | Mean difference = 0.70 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Mental Health (MHI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 24.00 | Mean = 24.10 | Mean difference = -0.10 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Parenting Stress (PSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 72.40 | Mean = 71.22 | Mean difference = 1.20 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Parenting Stress (PSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 71.20 | Mean = 72.82 | Mean difference = -1.60 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Problem substance use (CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | % = 21.00 | % = 18.00 | = 3.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.54 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Problem substance use (CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE Alcohol Screening">CAGE) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | % = 9.00 | % = 10.00 | = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Repeat birth within 36 months of index birth | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | % = 27.00 | % = 22.00 | = 5.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Repeat pregnancy within 36 months of index birth | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 follow-up | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | % = 43.00 | % = 50.00 | = -7.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
CES-D: Above threshold for depression |
The CES-D is a 20-item assessment of depressive symptoms. The researchers examined the total score and a binary measure indicating whether the total depression score was at or above a cutoff of 16. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
CES-D: Depressive symptoms |
The CES-D is a 20-item assessment of depressive symptoms. The researchers examined the total score and a binary measure indicating whether the total depression score was at or above a cutoff of 16. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
MHI |
The MHI assesses levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Confidence in adult relationships |
No description provided by author | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Drinks per day |
Number of drinks the parent consumed per day on average | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Parenting Stress (PSI) |
The PSI assesses stress in the parent-child relationship arising from child temperament, parental depression, and negatively reinforcing parent-child interactions. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Problem substance use (CAGE) |
Percentage of parents with problem alcohol use, defined as a report of alcohol use in the year prior to pregnancy and a CAGE score greater than or equal to 2 | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Repeat pregnancy within 36 months of index birth |
Percentage of mothers who had a repeat birth within 36 months after the index birth | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional loneliness |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 9.80 | Unadjusted mean = 10.00 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.94 |
|
Hope |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 26.90 | Unadjusted mean = 26.60 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.31 |
|
Subsequent pregnancy |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Cases = 1.00 | Cases = 3.00 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Authors describe reduced subsequent pregnancies as favorable to the intervention. |
Substance abuse treatment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.01 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.01 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional loneliness |
Social Loneliness subscale (DiTommaso and Spinner, 1993) |
Parent/caregiver report |
alpha=.86 |
|
Hope |
Adult Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991) |
Parent/caregiver report |
alpha=.67 |
|
Subsequent pregnancy |
Whether became pregnant by follow-up |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not reported by author |
|
Substance abuse treatment |
Whether treated for substance abuse by follow-up |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not reported by author |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confidence in adult relations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 34.30 | Mean = 33.80 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Confidence in adult relations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 34.40 | Mean = 33.70 | Mean difference = 0.70 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Maternal life skills (CLSS) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 24.20 | Mean = 24.30 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Maternal life skills (CLSS) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 23.90 | Mean = 23.90 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Maternal social support (MSSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 21.50 | Mean = 21.90 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Maternal social support (MSSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 21.40 | Mean = 21.70 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
CLSS: Maternal life skills |
The CLSS assesses a person’s transportation, budgeting, support service, support-involvement, interests-hobbies, regularity/organization routines, practices, and resources. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
MSSI: Maternal social support |
The MSSI assesses caregiver social support with regard to the division of household tasks and responsibilities for child rearing, access to transportation, interaction with other adults, and community involvement. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Confidence in adult relations |
No description provided by author | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol or drug use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | % = 28.00 | % = 33.00 | OR = 0.80 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Any illicit drug use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | % = 21.00 | % = 18.00 | OR = 1.23 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Problem alcohol use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | % = 13.00 | % = 22.00 | OR = 0.52 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.39 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol or drug use |
Percentage of parents with a positive CAGE score and who drank in the past year or who had any illicit drug use in 2 years prior to baseline interview | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Any illicit drug use |
Percentage of parents who engaged in illicit drug use, defined as a report of any illegal drug use in the past 2 years | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Problem alcohol use |
Percentage of parents with problem alcohol use, defined as a report of alcohol use in the year prior to pregnancy and a CAGE score greater than or equal to 2 | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illicit drug use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % = 9.00 | % = 9.00 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Illicit drug use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 556 mothers | % = 10.00 | % = 11.00 | = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Illicit drug use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 548 mothers | % = 11.00 | % = 9.00 | = 2.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Illicit drug use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.06 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
Mothers with depressive symptoms (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % = 23.00 | % = 23.00 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Mothers with depressive symptoms (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 556 mothers | % = 16.00 | % = 18.00 | = -2.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Mothers with depressive symptoms (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 548 mothers | % = 16.00 | % = 16.00 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Mothers with depressive symptoms (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.97 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote51Adjusted odds ratios are based on the average effect across all follow-up years. |
Poor general mental health (MHI < 67) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % = 36.00 | % = 46.00 | = -10.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.25 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Poor general mental health (MHI < 67) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 556 mothers | % = 35.00 | % = 38.00 | = -3.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.20 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Poor general mental health (MHI < 67) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 548 mothers | % = 29.00 | % = 32.00 | = -3.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Problem alcohol use (CAGE) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % = 8.00 | % = 10.00 | = -2.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Problem alcohol use (CAGE) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 556 mothers | % = 8.00 | % = 9.00 | = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Problem alcohol use (CAGE) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 548 mothers | % = 7.00 | % = 10.00 | = -3.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.24 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Problem alcohol use (CAGE) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.76 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
Severe parenting stress (PSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % = 11.00 | % = 10.00 | = 1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Severe parenting stress (PSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 556 mothers | % = 8.00 | % = 9.00 | = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Severe parenting stress (PSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 548 mothers | % = 8.00 | % = 8.00 | = 0.00 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | HomVEE calculated significanceStatistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
Severe parenting stress (PSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.04 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
CES-D: Depressive symptoms |
The CES-D is a 20-item assessment of depressive symptoms. A binary variable was formed from the total score where parents with scores greater than or equal to 24 were said to have probable cases of depression. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
MHI: Poor general mental health |
The MHI assesses levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. The researchers created a binary variable where those with MHI scores less than 67 were considered to have poor mental health. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
PSI: Severe parenting stress |
The PSI assesses stress in the parent-child relationship arising from child temperament, parental depression, and negatively reinforcing parent-child interactions. A mother was considered positive for severe parenting stress if she scored positive for personal adjustment problems, child abuse potential, or high child abuse potential as defined by Abidin. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Illicit drug use |
Percentage of parents who engaged in illicit drug use, defined as a report of any illegal drug use in the past year | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Problem alcohol use (CAGE) |
Percentage of parents with problem alcohol use, defined as a report of alcohol use in the year prior to pregnancy and a CAGE score greater than or equal to 2 | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Did not use birth control after index child’s birth | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
One year postpartum | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % (adjusted) = 18.00 | Adjusted mean % = 20.00 | OR = 0.85 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
Maternal desire for RRB | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
One year postpartum | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % (adjusted) = 9.00 | Adjusted mean % = 11.00 | OR = 0.80 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
No family planning site | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
One year postpartum | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % (adjusted) = 15.00 | Adjusted mean % = 14.00 | OR = 1.06 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
Rapidrepeat birth (RRB) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
One year postpartum | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % (adjusted) = 21.00 | Adjusted mean % = 20.00 | OR = 1.05 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote52Rapid repeat birth is defined as a birth occurring within 24 months after a previous birth or a repeat birth while still a teen for adolescent mothers (El-Kamary et al., 2004). |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Did not use birth control after index child’s birth |
Percentage of mothers who were not using birth control at the time of the interview and who did not use any birth control since the index birth | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Maternal desire for RRB |
Percentage of mothers who desired to have another child within 2 years after the index birth | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
No family-planning site |
Percentage of mothers who lacked access to a family-planning site | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Rapidrepeat birth (RRB) |
Percentage of mothers who had a repeat birth within 24 months after the index birth or, for teenagers, had a repeat birth at any time through the age of 19 years | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 171 mothers | Mean % = 12.00 | Mean % = 20.50 | Mean difference = -8.50 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.40 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Alcohol use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean % = 16.50 | Mean % = 35.20 | Mean difference = -18.70 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.59 | Not available |
Using birth control | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 171 mothers | Mean % = | Mean % = 72.20 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.54 |
Using birth control | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean % = 65.80 | Mean % = 65.10 | Mean difference = 0.70 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.061 |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol use |
Alcohol use was measured by a series of questions that included: Do you drink beer or alcohol? To which the mother could answer yes or no. If the mother answered yes, then another question was asked: In the past two weeks how many times did you drink beer or alcohol? | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Using birth control |
A measure of consistent use of birth control since last birth | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parenting Stress Index - difficult child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
380 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 24.14 | Unadjusted mean = 25.97 | Mean difference = -1.83 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Parenting Stress Index - parental child-dysfunctional interaction |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
380 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 18.38 | Unadjusted mean = 19.71 | Mean difference = -1.33 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Parenting Stress Index - parental distress |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
379 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 24.41 | Unadjusted mean = 26.32 | Mean difference = -1.91 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parenting Stress Index - difficult child |
Parenting Stress Index - Difficult Child subscale |
Self-report questionnaire |
Not reported |
|
Parenting Stress Index - parental child-dysfunctional interaction |
Parenting Stress Index - Parental-Child Dysfunctional Interaction subscale |
Self-report questionnaire |
Not reported |
|
Parenting Stress Index - parental distress |
Parenting Stress Index - Parental Distress subscale |
Self-report questionnaire |
Not reported |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDC Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) measure of maternal depression- full sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.17 | Adjusted mean = 2.22 | Mean difference = -0.05 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI) - General Distress subscale score - full sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.78 | Adjusted mean = 1.86 | Mean difference = -0.08 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI) - Parenting Stress subscale score - full sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.02 | Adjusted mean = 2.14 | Mean difference = -0.12 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI) Total Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.90 | Adjusted mean = 2.00 | Mean difference = -0.10 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.06 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
CDC Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) measure of maternal depression- full sample |
CDC Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) is a 3-item measure of maternal depression. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI) - General Distress subscale score - full sample |
The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form General Distress subscale. | Parent/caregiver report | Crohnbach's alpha = .715 |
|
Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI) - Parenting Stress subscale score - full sample |
The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form Parental Distress subscale measures the level of distress parents feel in their role because of personal factors. | Parent/caregiver report | Crohnbach's alpha = .638 |
|
Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI) Total Score |
The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form assesses stress in the parent-child relationship arising from child temperament, parental depression, and negatively reinforcing parent-child interactions. | Parent/caregiver report | Crohnbach's alpha = .794 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contraception use |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.76 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.14 |
|
Mental health index |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 19.00 | Unadjusted mean = 24.70 | Mean difference = -5.70 | Study reported = 0.35 | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Subsequent pregnancy |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.05 | Unadjusted mean = 0.12 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p=0.10 |
Authors describe reduced subsequent pregnancies as favorable to the intervention. |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contraception use |
Whether or not used contraceptives |
Parent/caregiver report |
Not reported by author |
|
Mental health index |
Rand Mental Health Inventory Mental Health Index (negative effect is favorable) |
Parent/caregiver report |
alpha=.91 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above alcohol abuse cutoff (AUDIT) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | % (adjusted) = 2.00 | Adjusted mean % = 3.80 | = -1.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Above depression threshold (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | % (adjusted) = 29.00 | Adjusted mean % = 31.20 | = -2.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Alcohol abuse (AUDIT) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.14 | Adjusted mean = 1.28 | Mean difference = -0.14 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.45 | Adjusted mean = 11.61 | Mean difference = -0.16 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Drug use | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | % (adjusted) = 9.80 | Adjusted mean % = 10.60 | = -0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Mother has primary care physician | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | % (adjusted) = 86.90 | Adjusted mean % = 85.00 | = 1.90 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Sense of personal mastery (PSM) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | Adjusted mean = 23.80 | Adjusted mean = 23.55 | Mean difference = 0.25 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Smoking | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | % (adjusted) = 41.30 | Adjusted mean % = 43.80 | = -2.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Smoking frequency | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.42 | Adjusted mean = 3.93 | Mean difference = -0.51 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
AUDIT: Alcohol abuse |
The AUDIT assesses the degree to which a person’s alcohol use is harmful. Respondents reported the frequency with which they experienced eight, different symptoms of alcohol abuse, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 32. A score of 8 or more indicated a strong likelihood of alcohol abuse. The researchers examined the total score and a binary variable representing whether a respondent was above or below the cutoff of 8. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
DAST: Drug use |
The DAST assesses the degree to which a person’s use of illegal or legal drugs is harmful. The researchers used the instrument to examine the percentage of parents who reported using illegal drugs. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
CES-D: Depressive symptoms CES-D: Above depression threshold |
The CES-D is a 20-item assessment of depressive symptoms. The researchers examined the total score (range 0–60) and a binary measure indicating whether the total depression score was at or above a cutoff of 16, which defined cases of probable depression. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Mastery ofPsychological CopingResources Scale(PSM): Sense of personal mastery |
The PSM assesses the extent to which respondents believe that their life chances are under their own control. The assessment measures the degree of agreement with eight statements related to the respondents’ capacity to affect events and circumstances in their lives. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Mother has primary care physician |
Percentage of mothers who had a primary care physician | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Smoking |
Percentage of parents who reported smoking cigarettes | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
|
Smoking frequency |
Average number of cigarettes smoked per day | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived social support (MSSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Program group members not affected by substance abuse, NY Best Beginnings trial |
325 mothers | Mean = 6.50 | Mean = 6.60 | Mean difference = -0.10 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.03 | Statistical significance not reported |
Perceived social support (MSSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Program group members not affected by substance abuse, NY Best Beginnings trial |
274 mothers | Mean = 6.20 | Mean = 6.60 | Mean difference = -0.40 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.12 | Statistical significance not reported |
Perceived social support (MSSI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Program group members not affected by substance abuse, NY Best Beginnings trial |
354 mothers | Mean = 6.20 | Mean = 7.20 | Mean difference = -1.00 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.31 | Statistical significance not reported |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
MSSI: Perceived Social Support |
The MSSI assesses caregiver social support with regard to the division of household tasks and responsibilities for child rearing, access to transportation, interaction with other adults, and community involvement. The researchers analyzed the 3-item Perceived Social Support subscale, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 13. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Repeat pregnancy (self report), time 3 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years post enrollment | MA sample | 612 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | OR = 0.94 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.72 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Repeat pregnancy (self report), time 3 |
Interview question on whether the mother had become pregnant again since the birth of the target child | Mother self-report | Not reported |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Repeated birth | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years post enrollment | MA sample | 612 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | OR = 0.73 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.161 | footnote244The <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr>-calculated p-value of the effect size is statistically significant (p=0.02) |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Repeated birth |
Percentage of mothers who gave birth subsequent to the target child | Mother self-report | Not reported |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapid repeat birth | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 2 | Full sample, Alaska trial | 325 mothers | % = 16.00 | % = 17.00 | OR = 0.96 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote52Rapid repeat birth is defined as a birth occurring within 24 months after a previous birth or a repeat birth while still a teen for adolescent mothers (El-Kamary et al., 2004). |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rapid repeat birth |
Percentage of mothers who had a repeat birth within 24 months after the index birth | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional loneliness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 1.75 | Mean = 1.74 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomeVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.34 |
Pathways to goal | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 171 mothers | Mean = 12.96 | Mean = 12.69 | Mean difference = 0.27 | HomeVEE calculated = 1.69 | Not statistically significant, p =0.87 |
Pathways to goal | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 13.00 | Mean = 13.17 | Mean difference = -0.17 | HomeVEE calculated = -0.89 | Not statistically significant, p =0.12 |
Use of resources | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 171 mothers | Mean = 2.53 | Mean = 1.95 | Mean difference = 0.58 | HomeVEE calculated = 1.58 | Statistically significant, p =0.001 |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional loneliness |
The Emotional/Social Loneliness Inventory was used to examine coping and the sense of isolation. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Pathways to goal |
The authors used the Adult Hope Scale subscale that measures the ability to plan for personal goal achievement and referred to it as pathway to goals. | Parent/caregiver report | Not reported by author |
|
Use of resources |
A scale representing the number of resources the family reported using such as mental health counseling, financial counseling, center-based family assistance, and so forth | Parent/caregiver report | Not applicable |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of prenatal care visits during third trimester | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
At birth | Full sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p<0.051 | ||
Mother has primary care provider | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
At birth | Full sample | Unadjusted proportion = 0.94 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.88 | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p<0.05 | footnote250<abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> reported p value. |
Outcome measure | Outcome measure description | Collection method | Properties | Operations links |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of prenatal care visits during third trimester |
Mother was asked about the frequency of prenatal care visits during third trimester. | Maternal interview | Not reported |
|
Mother has primary care provider |
Mother was asked if had primary care provider. | Maternal interview | Not reported |