Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers

Implementation support is not currently available for the model as reviewed.

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2011

Effects shown in research & outcome measure details

Maternal health

Findings rated high

Koniak-Griffin, D., Anderson, N. L., Verzemnieks, I., & Brecht, M. L. (2000). A public health nursing early intervention program for adolescent mothers: Outcomes from pregnancy through 6 weeks postpartum. Nursing Research, 49(3), 130–138.

Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
External social competence	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 weeks postpartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Mean = 80.18	Mean = 77.11	Mean difference = 3.07	HomeVEE calculated = 0.40	Statistically significant, p =0.03	footnote106 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors. , footnote107 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Although the treatment group has a higher mean, the authors report that the comparison group showed a significantly greater gain on this measure.
Internal social competence	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 weeks postpartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Mean = 70.68	Mean = 66.97	Mean difference = 3.71	HomeVEE calculated = 0.28	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values. , footnote106 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors.
Number of prenatal health problems	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 weeks postpartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Mean = 0.64	Mean = 0.72	Mean difference = -0.08	HomeVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.
Substance use	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 weeks postpartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Not available	Not available	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.
Total number of prenatal visits	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 weeks postpartum	San Bernardion sample	121 mothers	Mean = 9.69	Mean = 9.34	Mean difference = 0.35	HomeVEE calculated = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties
External social competence	Socialcompetence measureswerecomposites derivedfrom (1)the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Inventory,(2)Pearlin’sSenseofMastery Scale, (3)the Centerfor EpidemiologicalStudies DepressionScale,(4) thePerceived StressScale;(5)the Community Life SkillsScale(CLSS), and (6)the SocialSkills Inventory (SSI). Factor analysis was used to develop two conceptual factors representing Internal and external social competence. Composite measures were formed by first standardizing each measure to a 0–100 scale with higher numbers representing higher skills, then averaging the relevant translated scores.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
Internal social competence	Socialcompetence measureswerecomposites derivedfrom (1)the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Inventory;(2)Pearlin’sSenseofMastery Scale, (3)the Centerfor EpidemiologicalStudies DepressionScale,(4) thePerceived StressScale,(5)the Community Life SkillsScale(CLSS), and (6)the SocialSkills Inventory (SSI). Factor analysis was used to develop two conceptual factors representing Internal and external social competence. Composite measures were formed by first standardizing each measure to a 0–100 scale with higher numbers representing higher skills, then averaging the relevant translated scores.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
Number of prenatal health problems	Count of the number of prenatal health problems experienced by mothers	Review of medical records	Not applicable
Substance use	This measure of parents’ substance use include frequency–of–use categories(e.g., 0, 1 or 2, 3 to 9, 10 to 19, or 20+ times) during the past 30 days, 12 months, and lifetime for tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, and heroin.	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Total number of prenatal visits	Count of the number of prenatal visits completed by EIP and TPHN home visitors	Review of medical records	Not applicable

Findings rated moderate

Koniak-Griffin, D., Anderson, N. L., Brecht, M. L., Verzemnieks, I., Lesser, J., & Kim, S. (2002). Public health nursing care for adolescent mothers: Impact on infant health and selected maternal outcomes at 1 year postbirth. Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 30(1), 44–54.

Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
CES-D (depression)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	One year postpartum	San Bernardino sample	102 mothers	Mean = 14.53	Mean = 15.33	Mean difference = -0.80	HomeVEE calculated = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.
PSS (perceived stress)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	One year postpartum	San Bernardino sample	102 mothers	Mean = 24.40	Mean = 23.55	Mean difference = 0.85	HomeVEE calculated = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.
RSEI (self-esteem)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	One year postpartum	San Bernardino sample	102 mothers	Mean = 32.73	Mean = 31.07	Mean difference = 1.66	HomeVEE calculated = 0.37	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.
Repeat pregnancy rate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	One year postpartum	San Bernardino sample	102 mothers	Not available	Not available	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties
CES-D (depression)	The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES–D) is a 20–item assessment designed to measure depressive symptoms. The scale contains items related to feelings and conditions such as powerlessness, guilt, helplessness, sadness, anorexia, and sleep disturbances.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.84 at intake and 0.83 at 12 months postpartum
PSS (perceived stress)	The Perceived Stress Scale (PSSmeasures global perceived stress during the past month through 14 items on a 5–point Likert scale (0 to 4). Scores on the PSS may range from 0 to 56.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.65 at intake and 0.69 at 12 months postpartum
RSEI (self-esteem)	Rosenberg Self–Esteem Inventory (RSEI) is a10–item instrument whose total score reflects the degree of positive self–esteem. Possible scores range from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher self–esteem.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.84 at intake and 0.85 at 12 months postpartum
Repeat pregnancy rate	Percentage of mothers that experienced a repeat pregnancy	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable

Koniak-Griffin, D., Mathenge, C., Anderson, N. L., & Verzemnieks, I. (1999). An early intervention program for adolescent mothers: A nursing demonstration project. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 28(1), 51–59.

Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Anemia	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ante- and intrapartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Percentage = 0.15	Mean % = 0.17	Mean difference = -0.02	HomeVEE calculated = -0.09	Statistical significance not reported
Cystitis	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ante- and intrapartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Percentage = 0.23	Mean % = 0.19	Mean difference = 0.04	HomeVEE calculated = 0.15	Statistical significance not reported
Pregnancy-induced hypertension	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ante- and intrapartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Percentage = 0.06	Mean % = 0.03	Mean difference = 0.03	Study reported = 0.44	Statistical significance not reported
Preterm labor	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ante- and intrapartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Percentage = 0.11	Mean % = 0.16	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.26	Statistical significance not reported
Pyelonephritis	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ante- and intrapartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Percentage = 0.05	Mean % = 0.05	Mean difference = 0.00	HomeVEE calculated = 0.00	Statistical significance not reported
Sexually transmitted disease	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ante- and intrapartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Percentage = 0.03	Mean % = 0.08	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.63	Statistical significance not reported
Substance use	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 weeks postpartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Not available	Not available	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.
Urinary tract infection	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ante- and intrapartum	San Bernardino sample	121 mothers	Percentage = 0.28	Mean % = 0.24	Mean difference = 0.04	HomeVEE calculated = 0.13	Statistical significance not reported

Show outcome measure summary

Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties
Anemia	Percentage of mothers experiencing anemia during the antepartum and intrapartum periods	Review of medical records	Not applicable
Cystitis	Percentage of mothers experiencing Cystitis during the prenatal period.	Review of medical records	Not applicable
Pregnancy-induced hypertension	Percentage of mothers experiencing pregnancy–induced hypertension	Review of medical records	Not applicable
Preterm labor	Percentage of mothers experiencing preterm labor	Review of medical records	Not applicable
Pyelonephritis	Percentage of mothers experiencing Pyelonephritis during the prenatal period	Review of medical records	Not applicable
Sexually transmitted disease	Percentage of mothers diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease such as Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis	Review of medical records	Not applicable
Substance use	Percentage of mothers reporting use of alcohol (None, 1–2 times, or 3–9 times), tobacco (any use), and marijuana (any use) during the 30 day period prior to the interview	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable
Urinary tract infection	Percentage of mothers experiencing urinary tract infection during the prenatal period	Review of medical records	Not applicable

Koniak-Griffin, D., Verzemnieks, I. L., Anderson, N. L., Brecht, M. L., Lesser, J., Kim, S., et al. (2003). Nurse visitation for adolescent mothers: Two-year infant health and maternal outcomes. Nursing Research, 52(2), 127–136.

Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
External social competence	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Two years postpartum	San Bernardino sample	101 mothers	Mean = 82.96	Mean = 82.57	Mean difference = 0.39	HomeVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values. , footnote106 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors.
Internal social competence	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Two years postpartum	San Bernardino sample	101 mothers	Mean = 71.86	Mean = 69.56	Mean difference = 2.30	HomeVEE calculated = 0.29	Not statistically significant, p =0.057	footnote106 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Information on outcomes was received through communication with the authors. , footnote108 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on the results of the authors’ analysis using repeated-measures ANOVA.
Repeat pregnancy rate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Two years postpartum	San Bernardino sample	101 mothers	Percentage = 0.32	Mean % = 0.47	Mean difference = -0.15	HomeVEE calculated = -0.38	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote102 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report whether the groups are significantly different or not, but do not report actual p-values.

Show outcome measure summary

Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties
External social competence	Socialcompetence measureswerecomposites derivedfrom (1)the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Inventory.(2)Pearlin’sSenseofMastery Scale. (3)the Centerfor EpidemiologicalStudies DepressionScale,(4) thePerceived StressScale;(5)the Community Life SkillsScale(CLSS), and (6)the SocialSkills Inventory (SSI). Factor analysis was used to develop two conceptual factors representing Internal and external social competence. Composite measures were formed by first standardizing each measure to a 0–100 scale with higher numbers representing higher skills, then averaging the relevant translated scores.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
Internal social competence	Socialcompetence measureswerecomposites derivedfrom (1)the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Inventory,(2)Pearlin’sSenseofMastery Scale, (3)the Centerfor EpidemiologicalStudies DepressionScale,(4) thePerceived StressScale,(5)the Community Life SkillsScale(CLSS), and (6)the SocialSkills Inventory (SSI). Factor analysis was used to develop two conceptual factors representing Internal and external social competence. Composite measures were formed by first standardizing each measure to a 0–100 scale with higher numbers representing higher skills, then averaging the relevant translated scores.	Parent/caregiver report	Not reported by author
Repeat pregnancy rate	Percentage of mothers that experienced a repeat pregnancy	Parent/caregiver report	Not applicable

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