Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)

Effects Shown in Research Maternal Health Outcomes

Impact Studies Rated High

Olds, D. L., Henderson Jr., C. R., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1986). Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 77(1), 16. †
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Number of nutritional supplementation vouchers Favorable Full (Elmira) 32 weeks 288 mothers Mean = 2.18 Mean = 1.56 MD = 0.62 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Number of calls to physician/clinic No Effect Full (Elmira) 32 weeks 292 mothers Mean = 1.43 Mean = 1.72 MD = -0.29 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Change in percentage experienced bleeding1 No Effect Full (Elmira)1 First to third trimester 295 mothers 0 0.05 MD = 5 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Primary
Change in percentage experienced spotting No Effect Full (Elmira) First to third trimester 308 mothers -0.03 -0.06 MD = -3 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = -0.4 Primary
Change in blood pressure No Effect Full (Elmira) Enrollment to last prenatal visit 295 mothers Mean = 7.60 Mean = 7.13 MD = -0.47 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Primary
Number alcoholic drinks per week (average change) No Effect Full (Elmira) Enrollment to week 32 293 mothers Mean = -0.04 Mean = -0.06 MD = -0.02 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Average weight gain (pounds) No Effect Full (Elmira) Prepregnancy to last prenatal visit 289 mothers Mean = 35.71 Mean = 32.78 MD = 2.93 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Primary
Change in average adequacy of diet (percentage RDA) Favorable Full (Elmira) Enrollment to week 32 253 mothers Mean = 4.14 Mean = -0.33 MD = 3.81 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Kidney infection (percentage) Favorable Full (Elmira) Enrollment to delivery 306 mothers Mean = 0% Mean = 3% MD = -3 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.01		 Not available Primary
Bladder infection (percentage) No Effect Full (Elmira) Enrollment to delivery 306 mothers Mean = 10% Mean = 6% MD = 4 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 		HomVEE = 0.34 Primary
Hematocrit (percentage, last before delivery) No Effect Full (Elmira) Enrollment to delivery 308 mothers Mean = 36.76% Mean = 36.67% MD = 0.09 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = 0.00 Primary
Proteinuria (≥ 2+, percentage) No Effect Full (Elmira) Enrollment to delivery 308 mothers Mean = 5% Mean = 3% MD = 2 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = 0.32 Primary
Edema (percentage) No Effect Full (Elmira) Enrollment to delivery 308 mothers Mean = 62% Mean = 58% MD = 0.04 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = 0.10 Primary
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (percentage) No Effect Full (Elmira) Enrollment to delivery 308 mothers Mean = 4% Mean = 7% MD = -3 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = -0.36 Primary
Number of antepartum visits No Effect Full (Elmira) 32 weeks 292 mothers Mean = 10.49 Mean = 10.50 MD = -0.01 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Secondary

1 High score equals unfavorable.

Olds, D. L., Henderson, Jr., C. R., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1988). Improving the lifecourse development of socially disadvantaged parents: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1436–1445.
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Number of pregnancies (0–22 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 22 months postpartum 188 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.31 Adjusted mean = 0.44 MD = -0.13 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Number of pregnancies (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 194 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.90 Adjusted mean = 1.06 MD = -0.16 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Number of spontaneous abortions (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 194 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.12 Adjusted mean = 0.13 MD = -0.01 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Number of therapeutic abortions (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 194 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.05 Adjusted mean = 0.04 MD = 0.01 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Number of births including first born (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 203 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.77 Adjusted mean = 1.85 MD = -0.08 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Number of months between first and second child (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 203 mothers Adjusted mean = 41.58 Adjusted mean = 37.11 MD = 4.47 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Number of pregnancies (0–22 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 22 months, postpartum 196 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.38 Adjusted mean = 0.44 MD = -0.06 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 1		 Not available Secondary
Number of pregnancies (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 205 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.82 Adjusted mean = 1.06 MD = -0.24 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 1		 Not available Secondary
Number of spontaneous abortions (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 205 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.10 Adjusted mean = 0.13 MD = -0.03 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 1		 Not available Secondary
Number of therapeutic abortions (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 205 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.05 Adjusted mean = 0.04 MD = 0.01 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 1		 Not available Secondary
Number of births including first born (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 216 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.65 Adjusted mean = 1.85 MD = -0.2 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 1		 Not available Secondary
Number of months between first and second child (0–46 months postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 46 months, postpartum 216 mothers Adjusted mean = 40.76 Adjusted mean = 37.11 MD = 3.65 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 1		 Not available Secondary

1 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.

Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., et al. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 637–643.
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Subsequent pregnancies No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 227 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.90 Adjusted mean = 2.10 MD = -0.20 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Subsequent births No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 227 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.40 Adjusted mean = 1.60 MD = -0.20 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Months between birth of first and second child No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 227 mothers Adjusted mean = 39.80 Adjusted mean = 37.30 MD = 2.50 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Substance use impairments since birth of first child No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 227 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.45 Adjusted mean = 0.43 MD = 0.02 Statistical significance not reported Not available Secondary
Subsequent pregnancies No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 245 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.70 Adjusted mean = 2.10 MD = -0.40 Not statistically significant,
p ≥ 0.05 		Not available Secondary
Subsequent births No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 245 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.30 Adjusted mean = 1.60 MD = -0.30 Not statistically significant,
p ≥ 0.05 		Not available Secondary
Months between birth of first and second child No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 245 mothers Adjusted mean = 41.70 Adjusted mean = 37.30 MD = 4.40 Not statistically significant,
p ≥ 0.05 		Not available Secondary
Incidence of substance use impairments No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) 15-year follow-up 245 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.34 Adjusted mean = 0.43 MD = -0.09 Not statistically significant,
p ≥ 0.05 1		 Not available Secondary

1 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Tatelbaum, R., et al. (1997). Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 644–652.
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Gestational weight gain No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 14.6 Adjusted mean = 14.9 MD = -0.3 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 		Not available Primary
Systolic blood pressure No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 111.7 Adjusted mean = 112.6 MD = -0.9 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 		Not available Primary
Diastolic blood pressure No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 66.8 Adjusted mean = 67.5 MD = -0.72 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 		Not available Primary
Standard prenatal care visits (total) No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 6.2 Adjusted mean = 6.5 MD = -0.3 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 		Not available Primary
Obstetrical evaluation visits (total) No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 2.8 Adjusted mean = 2.8 MD = 0.02 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 		Not available Primary
Number of hospitalizations during pregnancy No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.15 Adjusted mean = 0.13 MD = 0.02 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 3		 Not available Primary
Number of Gardnerella infections No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.06 Adjusted mean = 0.07 MD = -0.01 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05 3		 Not available Primary
Number of yeast infections Favorable Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.14 Adjusted mean = 0.19 MD = -0.05 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.053		 Not available Primary
Number of sexually transmitted diseases No Effect Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.22 Adjusted mean = 0.21 MD = 0.01 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.053		 Not available Primary
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (percentage) Favorable Full (Memphis) 36th week of pregnancy 916 mothers 13% (adjusted) 20% (adjusted) OR = 0.61 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.014		 HomVEE = -0.31 Primary
Subsequent pregnancy, 0-24 months postpartum (percentage) Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 2 years postpartum 671 mothers 36% (adjusted) 47% (adjusted) OR = 0.61 Statistically significant,
p < 0.014		 HomVEE = -0.28 Secondary
Spontaneous abortion, 0–24 months postpartum (percentage) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 2 years postpartum 671 mothers 5% (adjusted) 3% (adjusted) OR = 1.51 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = 0.32 Secondary
Therapeutic abortion, 0–24 months postpartum (percentage) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 2 years postpartum 671 mothers 2% (adjusted) 4% (adjusted) OR = 0.51 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = -0.43 Secondary
Subsequent live birth, 0–24 months postpartum (percentage) Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 2 years postpartum 671 mothers 22% (adjusted) 31% (adjusted) OR = 0.601 Statistically significant,
p < 0.014		 HomVEE = -0.28 Secondary
Anxiety (MHI), 24 months postpartum, standardized No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 2 years postpartum 671 mothers Adjusted mean = 99.1 Adjusted mean = 100.3 MD = -1.2 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Depression (MHI), 24 months postpartum, standardized No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 2 years postpartum 671 mothers Adjusted mean = 99.5 Adjusted mean = 100.1 MD = -.06 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Pearlin Mastery, 24 months postpartum, standardized Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 2 years postpartum 671 mothers Adjusted mean = 101.6 Adjusted mean = 99.4 MD = 2.2 Statistically significant,
p < 0.01		 Not available Secondary

1 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.

2 This mean difference, calculated by HomVEE, is within |0.01| of the difference reported by the authors, with the discrepancy likely due to rounding error.

3 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.

4 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Sidora, K., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., et al. (2000). Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: A 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(15), 1983–1989.
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Number of subsequent pregnancies Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 3-year follow-up 646 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.15 Adjusted mean = 1.34 MD = -0.19 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05 		Not available Secondary
Number of subsequent live births No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 3-year follow-up 646 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.85 Adjusted mean = 0.96 MD = -0.11 Not statistically significant,
p ≥ 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Number of subsequent pregnancies with short intervals (< 6 months from previous delivery or termination) Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 3-year follow-up 646 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.22 Adjusted mean = 0.32 MD = -0.10 Statistically significant,
p < 0.052		 Not available Secondary
Number of subsequent spontaneous abortions No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 3-year follow-up 646 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.10 Adjusted mean = 0.12 MD = -0.12 Not statistically significant,
p ≥ 0.052		 Not available Secondary
Number of subsequent therapeutic abortions No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 3-year follow-up 646 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.05 Adjusted mean = 0.10 MD = -0.05 Not statistically significant,
p ≥ 0.051		 Not available Secondary
Number of subsequent still births No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 3-year follow-up 646 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.01 Adjusted mean = 0.02 MD = -0.01 Not statistically significant
p ≥ 0.052		 Not available Secondary
Number of months between birth or first and second child Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 3-year follow-up 646 mothers Adjusted mean = 30.25 Adjusted mean = 26.60 MD = 3.65 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.01		 Not available Secondary

1 Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).

2 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110(3), 486. † Results with paraprofessional home visitors.
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Use of preventative services No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 36 weeks (prenatal) 344 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.67 Adjusted mean = 0.69 MD = -0.02 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 Not available Secondary
Use of emergency services No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 36 weeks (prenatal) 344 mothers 9% (adjusted) 9% (adjusted) OR = 1.01 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = 0.00 Secondary
Subsequent pregnancy (24 months postpartum) No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 24 months 417 mothers 33% (adjusted) 41% (adjusted) OR = 0.70 Not statistically significant, p > 0.051 HomVEE = -0.21 Secondary
Subsequent birth (24 months postpartum) No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 24 months 417 mothers 13% (adjusted) 19% (adjusted) OR = 0.63 Not statistically significant, p > 0.051 HomVEE = -0.27 Secondary

1 Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W., et al. (2004). Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age 6 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1550–1559 †
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Number of subsequent pregnancies (birth to 72 months postpartum) Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.16
SE = 0.07		 Adjusted mean = 1.38
SE = 0.05		 MD = -0.22 Statistically significant,
p = 0.01		 Study-reported = -0.22 Secondary
Number of subsequent children (birth to 72 months postpartum) Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.08
SE = 0.07		 Adjusted mean = 1.28
SE = 0.04		 MD = -0.20 Statistically significant,
p = 0.01		 Study-reported = -0.22 Secondary
Months between births of first and second children Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers Adjusted mean = 34.38
SE = 1.33		 Adjusted mean = 30.23
SE =0.85		 MD = 4.15 Statistically significant,
p = 0.01		 Study-reported = 0.26 Secondary
Subsequent miscarriage (rate per subsequent pregnancy) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers 3% (adjusted) 5% (adjusted) OR = 0.75 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.501		 HomVEE = -0.27 Secondary
Subsequent abortion (rate per subsequent pregnancy) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers 4% (adjusted) 5% (adjusted) OR = 0.70 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.421		 HomVEE = -0.23 Secondary
Currently uses marijuana No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers 5% (adjusted) 3% (adjusted) OR = 1.37 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.471		 HomVEE = 0.19 Secondary
Moderate/heavy drinker (= 3 drinks = 3 times per month) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers 5% (adjusted) 3% (adjusted) OR = 2.03 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.111		 HomVEE = 0.44 Secondary
Behavioral problems attributable to substance abuse No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers 4% (adjusted) 4% (adjusted) OR = 0.94 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.881		 HomVEE = -0.03 Secondary
Pearlin Mastery Scale No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers Adjusted mean = 100.46
SE = 0.70		 Adjusted mean = 99.79
SE = 0.46		 MD = 0.67 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.43		 Study-reported = 0.07 Secondary
MHI No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 6-year follow-up 641 mothers Adjusted mean = 100.18
SE = 0.71		 Adjusted mean = 99.92
SE = 0.48		 MD = 0.26 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.76		 Study-reported = 0.03 Secondary

1 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1560-1568. Results with nurse home visitors.
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Number of subsequent pregnancies No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.85
SE = 0.06		 Adjusted mean = 0.88
SE = 0.06		 MD = -0.03 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.72		 Study-reported = -0.04 Secondary
Number of subsequent live births No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.48
SE = 0.05		 Adjusted mean = 0.57
SE = 0.04		 MD = -0.09 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.18		 Study-reported = -0.13 Secondary
Months between births of first and second children Favorable Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers Adjusted mean = 24.51
SE = 1.18 		Adjusted mean = 20.39
SE = 1.09		 MD = 4.12 Statistically significant,
p = 0.01		 Study-reported = 0.32 Secondary
Subsequent miscarriage No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers 0.09 0.12 OR = 0.73 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.31		 HomVEE = -0.19 Secondary
Subsequent abortion No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers 0.05 0.05 OR = 0.94 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.89		 HomVEE = -0.04 Secondary
Currently using marijuana No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers 0.08 0.09 OR = 0.86 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.67		 HomVEE = -0.09 Secondary
Moderate/heavy drinker (= 3 drinks, = 3 times in 14 days) No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers 0.04 0.04 OR = 1.09 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.84		 HomVEE = 0.06 Secondary
Behavioral problems attributable to substance use No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers 0.15 0.12 OR = 1.27 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.41		 HomVEE = 0.15 Secondary
Pearlin Mastery Scale No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers Adjusted mean = 99.41
SE = 0.64		 Adjusted mean = 99.31
SE = 0.62		 MD = 0.10 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.91		 Study-reported = 0.12 Secondary
MHI No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 424 mothers Adjusted mean = 99.82
SE = 0.68		 Adjusted mean = 99.16
SE = 0.66		 MD = 0.66 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.49		 Study-reported = 0.04 Secondary
Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., et al. (2007). Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal and child functioning: Age-9 follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 120(4), e832–e845. †
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Number of months between birth of first and second child Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 40.73
SE = 1.81		 Adjusted mean = 34.09
SE = 1.19		 MD = 6.64 Statistically significant,
p < 0.01 1		 Study-reported = 0.29 Secondary
Cumulative subsequent live births per year (0–9 yr postpartum) Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.81
SE = 0.05 		Adjusted mean = 0.93
SE = 0.03		 MD = -0.12 Statistically significant,
p < 0.051		 Study-reported = -0.14 Secondary
Number of subsequent miscarriages (0–9 years postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.24 Adjusted mean = 0.24 MD = 0.00 Not statistically significant,
p = 1.002		 Not available Secondary
Number of subsequent abortions No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.14 Adjusted mean = 0.20 MD = -0.06 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.152		 Not available Secondary
Subsequent still birth (0–9 years postpartum), percentage No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers 1% (adjusted) 2% (adjusted) MD = -1.0 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.361		 Study-reported = 1.00 Secondary
Cumulative subsequent live birth per year (6–9 years postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy during infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.40
SE = 0.08		 Adjusted mean = 1.53
SE = 0.05		 MD = -0.13 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.171		 Study-reported = -0.16 Secondary
Pearlin Mastery Scale (6 months–9 years postpartum) Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 101.03
SE = 0.45		 Adjusted mean = 99.50
SE = 0.30		 MD = 1.53 Statistically significant,
p < 0.011		 Study-reported = 0.15 Secondary
Pearlin Mastery Scale (9 years postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 100.79
SE = 0.67		 Adjusted mean = 99.75
SE = 0.44		 MD = 1.04 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.201		 Study-reported = 0.10 Secondary
Maternal depression (CES-D) (9 years postpartum) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.71
SE = 0.04		 Adjusted mean = 1.72
SE = 0.03		 MD = 0.01 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.871		 Study-reported = -0.01 Secondary
Number of substances used (moderate/heavy alcohol, marijuana, cocaine) since last interview No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) 9-year follow-up 627 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.10 Adjusted mean = 0.17 MD = -0.07 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.082		 Not available Secondary

1 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.

2 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculation of incidence ratio.

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Arcoleo, K. J., Anson, E. A., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., Henderson, C. R., Bondy, J., & Stevenson, A. J. (2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on maternal life course and government spending: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(5), 419-424
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Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Alcohol or other drug use No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) 12-year follow-up 594mothers 10%(adjusted) 10%(adjusted) OR = .91 Not statistically significant, p > .05 HomVEE = -0.05 Secondary
Role impairment due to alcohol or drug use Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) 12-year follow-up 594mothers 0%(adjusted) 3%(adjusted) Diff = -.03 Statistically significant, p < .05 Not available Secondary
Symptoms of psychological distress (borderline/clinical vs. normal) No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) 12-year follow-up 594mothers 18%(adjusted) 17%(adjusted) OR = 1.09 Not statistically significant, p > .05 HomVEE = 0.05 Secondary
Cumulative subsequent births No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) 0 to 12 years 594mothers Adjusted mean = 1.07 Adjusted mean =1.15 MD = -.08 Not statistically significant, p > .05 HomVEE = -1.69 Secondary
Cumulative subsequent births No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) 10 to 12 years 594mothers Adjusted mean = 1.80 Adjusted mean = 1.83 MD = -.03 Not statistically significant, p > .05 HomVEE = -0.42 Secondary
Pearlin Mastery Scale Favorable Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) 6 months to 12 years 594 mothers Adjusted mean = 101.04 Adjusted mean = 99.60 MD = 1.44 Statistically significant, p < .05 HomVEE = 4.3 Secondary
Pearlin Mastery Scale No Effect Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) 12-year follow-up 594 mothers Adjusted mean = 101.07 Adjusted mean = 99.56 MD = 1.51 Not statistically significant, p > .05 HomVEE = 2.8 Secondary
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Impact Studies Rated Moderate

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110(3), 486. † Results with nurse home visitors. (Rated moderate for all follow-ups except 21 months.)
Show Study Effects Details
Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Use of preventative services No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 36 weeks (prenatal) 353 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.80 Adjusted mean = 0.69 MD = 0.11 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = 0.09 Secondary
Use of emergency services No Effect Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 36 weeks (prenatal) 353 mothers 6% (adjusted) 9% (adjusted) OR = 0.64 Not statistically significant,
p > 0.05		 HomVEE = -0.27 Secondary
Subsequent pregnancy (24 months postpartum) Favorable Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 24 months 436 mothers 29% (adjusted) 41% (adjusted) OR = 0.60 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.05		 HomVEE = -0.32 Secondary
Subsequent birth (24 months postpartum) Favorable Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) 24 months 436 mothers 12% (adjusted) 19% (adjusted) OR = 0.58 Statistically significant,
p ≤ 0.05		 HomVEE = -0.33 Secondary
Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1560-1568. Results with paraprofessional home visitors.
Show Study Effects Details
Outcome Effect Sample Timing of Follow-Up Sample Size Program Group Comparison Group Mean Difference or Odds Ratio
 Statistical Significance
 Effect Size
 Outcome Type
Number of subsequent pregnancies No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.88
SE = 0.06		 Adjusted mean = 0.88
SE = 0.06		 MD = 0.00 Not statistically significant,
p = 1.00		 Study-reported = 0.00 Secondary
Number of subsequent live births No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers Adjusted mean = 0.53
SE = 0.04		 Adjusted mean = 0.57
SE = 0.04		 MD = -0.04 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.57		 Study-reported = -0.06 Secondary
Months between births of first and second children No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers Adjusted mean = 22.20
SE = 1.19		 Adjusted mean = 20.39
SE = 1.09		 MD = 1.81 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.27		 Study-reported = 0.14 Secondary
Subsequent miscarriage Favorable Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers 0.07 0.12 OR = 0.50 Statistically significant,
p = 0.04		 HomVEE = -0.42 Secondary
Subsequent abortion No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers 0.06 0.05 OR = 1.19 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.67		 HomVEE = 0.1 Secondary
Currently using marijuana No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison, (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers 0.09 0.09 OR = 0.94 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.87		 HomVEE = -0.04 Secondary
Moderate/heavy drinker (= 3 drinks, = 3 times in 14 days) No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers 0.03 0.04 OR = 0.74 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.54		 HomVEE = -0.21 Secondary
Behavioral problems attributable to substance use No Effect Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers 0.1 0.12 OR = 0.82 Not statistically significant,
p = 0.52		 HomVEE = -0.12 Secondary
Pearlin Mastery Scale Favorable Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers Adjusted mean = 101.25
SE = 0.64 		Adjusted mean = 99.31
SE = 0.62		 MD = 1.94 Statistically significant,
p = 0.03		 Study-reported = 0.20 Secondary
MHI Favorable Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) 4-year follow-up 431 mothers Adjusted mean = 101.21
SE = 0.67 		Adjusted mean = 99.16
SE = 0.66		 MD = 0.66 Statistically significant,
p = 0.03		 Study-reported = -0.03 Secondary
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